Social adaptation and its types

A person's adaptation to new conditions is called adaptation. Social adaptation is the process of a citizen mastering the norms and rules of behavior in society. From the point of view of social science and psychology, social adaptation performs important functions in the process of socialization. For some people, the formation of socially approved behavior is faster, for others it is slower. The speed of adaptation to life in society depends on many factors.

Social adjustment

Mechanism of social adaptation

The mechanism of social adaptation is complex and lengthy. An individual is under the influence of powerful external factors, he is under pressure from public opinion, he may be condemned for provocative behavior or violation of the legal structure of society.

Studying social adaptation means exploring a person’s activity and independence as an important element of decision-making, getting acquainted with the characteristics of his activities and attitude to work, diagnosing the level of responsibility and the ability to foresee the consequences of his actions.

Signs of successful completion of the stages of this process are:

• The basis of human character is self-criticism;
• Demanding attitude towards yourself and others;
• Serious attitude to work, high-quality performance of one’s duties;
• Objective assessment of the results of your work;
• Developed reflection and a tendency to introspection of one’s achievements and failures.

Attention! At the initial stage of adaptation to life in society, a person strives to transform social reality and existing conditions, and ultimately transforms his attitudes and values.

Stages of social adaptation according to J. Szczepanski

Remark 1
Since the adaptation process cannot be primitive, and is an action occurring over time, different researchers in the field of sociology have a question about its stages, or, more correctly, about stages.

For example, the 20th century Polish sociologist Jan Szczepanski identified four stages in the process of social adaptation.

The first stage is the initial stage . It is characterized by the fact that a person at this stage is able to learn only the rules of behavior in a new environment, but the system of values ​​and traditions is not yet familiar to him, or his internal attitude is not ready to recognize them (alienation, rejection or denial of the host party’s value system).

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The second stage is the so-called “tolerance stage”. At this stage, both the individual and his environment recognize the equal value of each other. This stage can hardly be called the stage of complete adaptation or acceptance, but entry into the new environment has already been partially completed.

The third stage is the stage of adaptation or so-called accommodation. This stage is associated with concessions. For example, not only does the new individual recognize the value system of the host environment and reproduce it, but also representatives of the host party recognize some of these individual values. This process can also be called the term “diffusion”, known in physicochemical circles—the penetration of the values ​​of one side into the value system of the other.

The fourth stage is the stage of complete adaptation , or assimilation. In this case, the individual completely abandons previous patterns of behavior, his usual way of life and worldview, and accepts new ones that dominate the new social environment.

What functions does this process perform?

Adaptation - what is it in psychology
Adaptation in society performs the following functions that are significant for a person:

• Enriches him with new working knowledge;
• Stimulates the manifestation of an active life position for the benefit of the country;
• Teaches you to come to terms with contradictions within yourself;
• Teaches you to correctly respond to contradictions between your own value systems and the demands of society;
• Gives a feeling of security in the work team;
• Allows you to work in the field that attracts a person;
• Allows you to provide for yourself and your family;
• Helps to find harmony.

Concept and definition in psychology

Social perception - what is it in psychology
The psychological definition of adaptability is associated with the physiological and mental properties of the organism. In sociology, adaptation is a type of personal activity, the goal of which is to achieve comfortable well-being in society. A person achieves this state through analytical abilities, an adequate assessment of his skills and potential, and developed self-control skills.

A socially adapted person is a person who is able to make thoughtful decisions and anticipate the development of a particular situation.

Adapted person

A socially adapted person is one who successfully solves problems of interaction at 3 levels: physiological, psychological, social.

Psychologists believe that social adaptation is a process of a person’s life in society in which he feels good, does not experience discomfort with minor changes in circumstances, and his psyche does not malfunction when exposed to negative external factors.

Additional Information. Social adaptation cannot exist separately from socialization. These two processes are interdependent and complementary.

The concept of social adaptation methods

Note 1
Social work with problem categories of the population consists, first of all, in creating conditions for their necessary adaptation in society. People and social groups leading a socially active life are fully adapted to life in a given society, i.e. adapted. They have both opportunities and space for creative activity.

People leading an asocial lifestyle, with varying degrees of marginalization, are characterized by maladaptation; they are not adapted to creative activity.

Methods and forms of social adaptation correspond to the general technological scheme of social work and are divided depending on the causes of maladjustment.

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Social diagnostics deals with identifying the causes of maladaptation, which is the first stage of the general technological scheme of social work.

Social adaptation is a technology that combines all forms and types of social work; it is a unique process of adaptation to the system of norms, values, and rules of a given society.

Signs of social maladjustment

Attention! Despite the complex work of socialization institutions, social adaptation is not always a natural result of the process of growing up. Sometimes a child, having become an adult, from a pedagogical point of view, remains socially unadapted.

Social maladjustment in psychology

Signs of unsuccessful completion of the socialization and adaptation program are:

• A person has poor knowledge of the laws of functioning of the market and the socio-economic sphere;
• An individual cannot decide on the choice of profession, remaining unemployed for a long time, despite having a professional education;
• A person takes an illegal path, acts as a person organizing crimes, and serves time in prison.

Attention! Disabled and elderly people cannot be considered socially maladapted. At one time they were successful in the social environment. Disabled people cannot perform certain functions, but this does not mean that they cannot undergo rehabilitation.

Forms of social adaptation

Social adaptation has many different means and possibilities, depending on where exactly, in what area of ​​activity individuals show signs of maladjustment. Based on this, the following forms of adaptation are distinguished:

• socio-psychological – the process of correcting attitudes towards surrounding people and events, behavior;
• professional - the process of vocational guidance, internship and employment;
• economic – the process of developing the ability to provide for oneself with one’s own labor, acquiring economic independence;
• social-domestic – the process of adaptation to activities in the everyday social environment and living conditions;
• cultural – the process of mastering the rules, norms, and values ​​of the social environment.

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Factors ensuring social adaptation

At the psychological level, the factors ensuring the development of adaptation are understood as the external conditions in which a person lives.

Factors of social adaptation are usually divided into external and internal. Internal factors include all personal characteristics of a person:

• Floor;
• Age;
• Nationality;

Different nationalities

• Temperament type;
• Family composition;
• The system of value orientations of the individual;
• Character.

External factors of adaptation include all types of human activity and his belonging to certain social groups.

It is also known that the factors of social adaptation are divided into:

• Pedagogical (the child’s assimilation of the norms and rules of behavior in society, knowledge of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and other legal documents regulating certain aspects of public life);
• Psychological (intellectual abilities, properties of the nervous system, character traits, socio-psychological status of the individual in the team, system of life guidelines and values);
• Social (gender, age, nationality).

Attention! If a psychologist receives a request to solve problems related to adaptation to modern society, the specialist begins work by analyzing the prerequisites for the occurrence of problems, that is, by identifying unfavorable factors.

Social adaptation: what is it?

Definition 1
Social adaptation acts as one of the significant objects of sociological science. Researchers define social adaptation as a special process that influences the adaptation of an individual or a wider social group to new conditions, or to conditions that undergo constant changes in various parameters (economic, political, social, spiritual and others). In other words, social adaptation is the result of a person’s adaptation to the social group or society in which he exists or plans to realize his life activities.

The possibility of self-realization, identification and disclosure of creative potential directly depends on a person’s adaptation process. While adapting, a person enters into completely new social connections, and if they are strong enough, then the goals that the person sets for himself while adapting will be realized more successfully. However, adaptation is not only about habituation and communication: it is a deeper process. It involves assessing one’s abilities, correlating the possibility of meeting needs with the resources that society has.

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A person depends not only on the people and social institutions that surround him: he also depends on the established norms and laws existing in society. Finding himself in a new environment, he is obliged to fulfill them, even if they differ from his worldview and understanding of the situation. Only in this case will he be “one of us” and will not be rejected by society. This is especially important if a person has been striving for a long time to become part of a community, and, once in it, must tacitly agree with its attitudes, values ​​and norms.

Note 1

Adaptation is a continuous process. It concerns a person even when he does not plan to change his place of residence or work. Environmental conditions are constantly changing; technological progress and its features come first. All this forces a person to adapt in order to be a full participant in social, political, economic and other relations. In this regard, a person faces several problems. Firstly, how to determine your purpose, and secondly, how to find the meaning of life if reality constantly offers new conditions.

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Technology and types of social adaptation

The technology of social adaptation involves the use of special methods that form in a person the legal basis of consciousness, activity, resistance to stress, sociability, responsibility, independence, self-organization and self-control skills.

Additional Information. According to famous teachers, the most effective methods of forming social adaptation are the positive example of adults, methods of labor education, persuasion, explanation, and analysis of the behavior of literary characters. Parents can facilitate this process by allowing the child to clean his room independently and perform feasible chores around the house.

Complete social adaptation consists of the following types of this process:

• Managerial adaptation is the ability to create a comfortable environment at home and in the workplace. This type of transformation of the surrounding reality helps a person to better understand and master a wide range of social roles, learn to enjoy work and benefit society.

Enjoys life and work

• Economic adaptation is the assimilation of the laws of functioning of the economy and society, the formation of the foundations of a person’s financial literacy, the ability to plan their income and expenses. The economic block is extremely important for developing a person’s ability to earn money and provide themselves with a comfortable life.
• Pedagogical adaptation is the child’s getting used to the principles of organizing a continuous educational process, during which a value block is formed in the personality structure. Indicators of the formation of this block of adaptation are developed cognitive interest, love of reading, thirst for activity, constant self-development, successful self-realization in one type of activity or another, and creative activities.
• Psychological adaptation is the development of adequate reactions from the nervous system to the influence of external stimuli. Socially adapted, from the perspective of this block, can be considered balanced people who know how to find a common language with different communication partners, who are able to maintain self-control and not show their bad mood to others.

Social adaptation is associated with conscious global changes in ideas, attitudes and patterns of human behavior. Living conditions in society are dynamic, so it is necessary to train stress resistance and flexibility in order to successfully adapt to society.

Successful adaptation to society

Functions of social adaptation

Social adaptation performs a number of special functions. Firstly, it is mobilizing, which consists in the acceptance of individual elements, both in the social and psychological development of the value system. The second function is stimulating. The need to accept new norms and values, to become “one of our own” in a new social group, in a certain sense, stimulates a person to improve, learn something new, and perceive completely new forms of life activity that are unusual for him.

In essence, the adaptation process contributes to the development of the individual, his prosperity, the reproduction of new values ​​and the entry into a completely new stage of the social environment. The purpose of adaptation, as researchers note, is the development of personality in new socio-political, economic and cultural conditions. This, in turn, means an increase in needs, their exit from the “basic” category to the “sublime” category. And this process, in turn, leads to an increase in the level of education and culture. For this reason, the functioning of social adaptation is presented by researchers as a predominantly positive process. But it is worth making a reservation that success can only be stated if the external requirements of society coincide with the internal capabilities of individuals, their willingness to abandon some of their basic attitudes for the sake of prosperity, both their own and the public.

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Video

InterpretationTranslation SOCIAL ADAPTATION (Latin adaptare - to adapt) is the process of adaptation, mastery, usually active, by an individual or a group of new social conditions or social environment.
In modern sociology S.A. in most cases, it is understood as a social process in which both the adapter (person, social group) and the social environment are adaptive systems, that is, they actively interact and actively influence each other in the process of SA. The immediate impetus for the start of the process was S.A. Most often, an individual or a social group becomes aware of the fact that the behavioral stereotypes learned in previous social activities no longer ensure the achievement of success and the restructuring of behavior in accordance with the requirements of new social conditions or a new social environment for the adapter becomes relevant.

In general terms, there are most often four stages of personality adaptation in a new social environment:

1) the initial stage, when an individual or group realizes how they should behave in a new social environment, but are not yet ready to recognize and accept the value system of the new environment and strive to adhere to the previous value system;

2) the stage of tolerance, when the individual, group and new environment show mutual tolerance to each other’s value systems and patterns of behavior;

3) accommodation, i.e. recognition and acceptance by the individual of the basic elements of the value system of the new environment while simultaneously recognizing some of the values ​​of the individual and group as the new social environment;

4) assimilation, i.e. complete coincidence of the value systems of the individual, group and environment.

The intensity of adaptation processes in a society significantly depends on what stage in its development it is experiencing. In times of serious social changes, and even more so social cataclysms, adaptation processes acquire particular intensity and capture almost all layers of society. The example of post-Soviet society clearly shows that almost every person has to solve the problem of adaptation to new social conditions, determining and establishing a new position in society, and this process is not always equally successful.

In addition, it should be noted that, as social development accelerates, the intensity of adaptation processes in society as a whole also accelerates. This leads to the fact that the processes of S.A. even in an evolutionarily developing society, they become almost continuous and the ability to adapt to changes becomes vitally important not only for young, but also for older generations. Readiness for change becomes one of the main conditions for a person’s success in life.

As a result, in modern society the role of purposeful activities of the state and public organizations, the role of education and applied science in the implementation of S.A. processes is significantly increasing.

The society, through a system of institutions and targeted programs, pays special attention to promoting the processes of S.A. those of its members whose ability to adapt to changes on their own is limited. Thus, in many countries, SA programs are being developed and implemented. disabled people, military personnel transferred to the reserve - in the event of massive reductions in the army, migrants, prisoners being released, etc. In modern transitional society, no less importance is attached to programs to assist S.A. youth.

It is necessary to distinguish between adaptation as a process and adaptation as a result, the result of the process S.A. There are subjective and objective criteria for adaptation. Objective - the degree to which an individual implements the norms and rules of life accepted in a given social group. Subjective - satisfaction with membership in a given social group, the conditions provided for the satisfaction and development of basic social needs.

The immediate social environment can be various social groups, such as family, production team, housemates, etc. The role of S.A. is that it allows the individual to be included in the processes occurring in the immediate social environment, and at the same time is one of the means of changing the individual and the environment.

All the complexity of the process S.A. can be well illustrated by the example of the adaptation of new employees at enterprises, which is most widely studied in modern applied sociology and social psychology, which, in turn, is due to the practical significance of the problem for the economic efficiency of enterprises.

In the process of adaptation, the organization and the individual interact as complex systems. For example, the success of the adaptation process is significantly influenced by such characteristics of the enterprise as its material and technical equipment, the type and level of labor organization, the nature of intra-collective relations and corporate culture, the system and level of remuneration. Through these characteristics, an enterprise presents its requirements to a potential employee and, at the same time, its advantages compared to other participants in the labor market.

On the individual’s part, the success of industrial adaptation is influenced by both psychophysiological characteristics and socio-demographic characteristics of the individual. Of course, the most important for successful industrial adaptation are the professional training of the individual and the ability to work in a group.

S.A. at an enterprise represents the unity of several adaptation processes. In the literature, the following are most often distinguished: professional adaptation, socio-psychological adaptation and adaptation to working conditions. Professional adaptation involves choosing a profession, learning a specialty, as well as entering the profession from the moment you start working in your specialty. The criterion for professional adaptability is the individual’s achievement of compliance of professional skills and personal qualities with the requirements of a specific professional activity. Indicators of professional adaptability are professional qualifications, the level and stability of production indicators, and satisfaction with the profession.

Socio-psychological adaptation is the process of a newcomer entering a new production team, forming personal connections and relationships with other people. In the process of socio-psychological adaptation, there is an active comparison and mutual adaptation of value orientations, moral ideals and ideas of the team and the new employee. Socio-psychological adaptation is expressed in the formation of positive informal relationships with work colleagues and managers, in achieving the value unity of the employee and the team. The main objective indicator of socio-psychological adaptation is the absence of conflicts with management and team members. A subjective indicator of socio-psychological adaptability is satisfaction with relationships with managers and work colleagues.

An important aspect of S.A. is the individual's acceptance of a certain social role. We can talk about two forms of S.A.: active, when the individual seeks to influence the environment in order to cause a reaction of change (including those norms, values, forms of interaction and activity that he must master), and passive, conformal, when he does not strive for such influence and change. Efficiency of S.A. largely depends on how adequately the individual perceives himself and his social connections. A distorted or underdeveloped self-image leads to SA disorders, the extreme expression of which is autism.

Indicators of a successful S.A. are the high social status of the individual in a given environment, as well as his psychological satisfaction with this environment as a whole and its most important elements for him (for example, satisfaction with the job and its conditions, its content, remuneration, organization). Indicators of low S.A. are the individual’s desire to move to another social environment (staff turnover, migration, divorce), anomie and deviant behavior. Success of S.A. depends on the characteristics of both the individual and the environment. The more complex the new environment (for example, a wider range of social connections, more complex joint activities, a higher level of social heterogeneity), the more intense changes occur in it, the more difficult the SA process turns out to be for the individual. To a large extent significant for S.A. are the socio-demographic characteristics of the individual - education and age.

I'M IN. Leverovskaya, V.A. Baltsevich, S.Ya. Baltsevich

Sociology: Encyclopedia. — Minsk: Interpressservice; Book House. A.A. Gritsanov, V.L. Abushenko, G.M. Evelkin, G.N. Sokolova, O.V. Tereshchenko. 2003.

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The concept of “adaptation” (from the Latin adaptation) is currently used in many areas of cognition? biology, philosophy, sociology, social psychology, ethics, pedagogy, etc. Essentially, the study of this problem is at the intersection of various branches of knowledge and is the most important, promising approach in the comprehensive study of man.

In the literature, adaptation is considered in the broad and narrow sense of the word.

In a broad, philosophical aspect, adaptation is understood as “... any interaction between an individual and the environment in which their structures, functions and behavior are coordinated” [2, p. 135]. In works carried out in this aspect, adaptation is considered as a way of connecting the individual and the macro-society, emphasizing the change in a person’s social status, the acquisition of a new social role, i.e. adaptation correlates with socialization.

Adaptation in a narrow, socio-psychological meaning is considered as the relationship of an individual with a small group, most often industrial or student. That is, the adaptation process is understood as the process of an individual entering a small group, assimilating established norms and relationships, and occupying a certain place in the structure of relations between its members.

The peculiarities of the study of adaptation are that, firstly, the relationship between the individual and society is considered as mediated by small groups of which the individual is a member, and secondly, the small group itself becomes one of the parties involved in adaptation interaction, forming a new social environment - the sphere of the immediate environment to which a person adapts [4].

When studying adaptation, one of the most pressing issues is the question of the relationship between adaptation and socialization. The processes of socialization and social adaptation are closely interrelated, as they reflect a single process of interaction between the individual and society. Often socialization is associated only with general development, and adaptation - with the adaptive processes of an already formed personality in new conditions of communication and activity. The phenomenon of socialization is defined as the process and result of an individual’s active reproduction of social experience, carried out in communication and activity. The concept of socialization is more related to social experience, development and formation of personality under the influence of society, institutions and agents of socialization. In the process of socialization, mechanisms of interaction between the individual and the environment are formed.

Thus, in the course of socialization, a person acts as an object that perceives, accepts, and assimilates traditions, norms, and roles created by society. Socialization, in turn, ensures the normal functioning of the individual in society.

In the course of socialization, the development, formation and formation of the personality are carried out, at the same time, the socialization of the personality is a necessary condition for the adaptation of the individual in society. Social adaptation is one of the main mechanisms of socialization, one of the ways of more complete socialization.

Social adaptation is:

- a constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the new social environment;

is the result of this process [3].

Social adaptation is an integrative indicator of a person’s condition, reflecting his ability to perform certain biosocial functions, namely:

· adequate perception of the surrounding reality and one’s own body;

· an adequate system of relationships and communication with others;

· ability to work, study, organize leisure and recreation;

· variability (adaptability) of behavior in accordance with the role expectations of others [12].

The content of social adaptation is the convergence of the goals and value orientations of the group and the individual included in it, the assimilation of norms, traditions, group culture, and entry into the role structure of the group.

In the course of social adaptation, not only the individual adapts to new social conditions, but also the realization of his needs, interests and aspirations. The individual enters a new social environment, becomes its full member, asserts itself and develops its individuality. As a result of social adaptation, social qualities of communication, behavior and objective activity, accepted in society, are formed, thanks to which the individual realizes his aspirations, needs, interests and can self-determinate.

Social adaptation is the process of a person’s active adaptation to a changed environment using various social means. The main way of social adaptation is the acceptance of the norms and values ​​of the new social environment (group, collective, organization, region of which the individual is a member), the forms of social interaction that have developed here (formal and informal connections, leadership style, family and neighborhood relations, etc. ), as well as forms and methods of objective activity (for example, methods of professional performance of work or family responsibilities).

A.G. Kovalev distinguishes two forms of social adaptation: active, when an individual seeks to influence the environment in order to change it (including those norms, values, forms of interaction that he must master), and passive, when he does not seek such influence and change. An indicator of successful social adaptation is the high social status of an individual in a given environment, as well as his satisfaction with this environment as a whole (for example, satisfaction with work and its conditions, remuneration, organization, etc.). An indicator of low social adaptation is the movement of an individual to another social environment (staff turnover, migration, etc.) or deviant behavior [8, p. 341].

According to I. A. Georgieva, the development of mechanisms of social adaptation, its essence, is based on active human activity, the key point of which is the need to transform significant social reality. Therefore, the very process of forming mechanisms of social adaptation of an individual is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals and takes place in three main phases: activity, communication, self-awareness, which characterize its social essence. [4, p. 22].

Social activity is a leading and specific mechanism in the organization of human adaptation. Important are such types of components as communication, play, learning, work, which carry out full inclusion, the active adaptation of the individual to the social environment. The very mechanism of adaptation in the social activity of an individual has natural stages:

- the need of the individual,

- needs,

— motives for making a decision,

— implementation and summing up,

- her assessment.

This mechanism can then be repeated depending on the results achieved.

Social communication is the most important mechanism of human social adaptation, which guides and expands the circle of assimilation of social values ​​when in contact with other individuals and social groups.

Social self-awareness of an individual is a mechanism of social adaptation of an individual, in which the formation and understanding of one’s social affiliation and role is carried out.

According to I. A. Georgieva, there are also such mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual as:

1. Cognitive, including all mental processes associated with cognition: sensations, perceptions, ideas, memory, thinking, imagination, etc.

2. Emotional, including various moral feelings and emotional states: anxiety, concern, sympathy, condemnation, anxiety, etc.

3. Practical (behavioral), suggesting a certain directed human activity in social practice. In general, all these mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual constitute a complete unity [4, p. 30].

The basis of social adaptation of an individual is active or passive adaptation, interaction with the existing social environment, as well as the ability to change and qualitatively transform a person’s personality itself.

The process of social adaptation is of a specific historical nature, which influences the individual in different ways or pushes him to a certain choice of mechanisms of action in a given context of time.

Research by G. D. Volkov and N. B. Okonskaya shows that the process of social adaptation must be considered at three levels:

1. Society (macroenvironment) - this level allows us to highlight the process of social adaptation of the individual in the context of the socio-economic, political and spiritual development of society.

2. Social group (microenvironment) - studying this process will help to identify the reasons for the discrepancy between the interests of the individual and the social group (work collective, family, etc.).

3. Individual (intrapersonal adaptation) - the desire to achieve harmony, balance of the internal position and its self-esteem from the position of other individuals [2, p. 134].

Analysis of the literature showed that there is no unified classification of social adaptation. This is explained by the fact that a person is part of a wide system of professional, business, interpersonal, and social relationships that allow him to adapt in a given society. The social adaptation system includes different types of adaptive processes:

— industrial and professional adaptation;

- everyday (solves various aspects in the formation of certain skills, attitudes, habits aimed at routines, traditions, existing relationships between people in a team, in a group outside of connection with the field of production activity);

- leisure (involves the formation of attitudes, abilities to satisfy aesthetic experiences, the desire to maintain health, physical improvement);

— political and economic;

— adaptation to forms of social consciousness (science, religion, art, morality and others);

- to nature, etc.

According to G.D. Volkov and N.B. Okonskaya, all types of adaptation are interconnected, but the dominant one here is social. Complete social adaptation of a person includes:

? managerial,

? economic,

? pedagogical,

? psychological,

? professional,

? production adaptation [2, p. 140].

Let us consider in more detail the listed types of social adaptation.

Managerial (organizational) adaptation

. Without management, it is impossible to provide a person with favorable conditions (at work, at home), create the prerequisites for the development of his social role, influence him, and ensure activities that meet the interests of society and the individual.

Economic adaptation

? this is a complex process of assimilation of new socio-economic norms and principles of economic relations of individuals and subjects. For the technology of social work, the so-called “social block” is important here, including adaptation to the real social reality of the size of unemployment benefits, the level of wages, pensions and benefits. They must meet not only the physiological, but also the sociocultural needs of a person.

Pedagogical adaptation

? This is an adaptation to the system of education, training and upbringing, which form the individual’s system of value guidelines.

Psychological adaptation

. In psychology, adaptation is considered as the process of adapting the senses to the characteristics of the stimuli acting on them in order to better perceive them and protect the receptors from excessive load.

Professional adaptation

? This is the individual’s adaptation to a new type of professional activity, a new social environment, working conditions and the characteristics of a particular specialty.

Production adaptation

? labor activity, initiative, competence and independence, professional qualities are improved.

Thus, social adaptation implies ways of adapting, regulating, and harmonizing the interaction of an individual with the environment. In the process of social adaptation, a person acts as an active subject who adapts in the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively determines himself. There are mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual, the formation process of which is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals, such as: activity, communication and self-awareness. The essence of the mechanisms of social adaptation lies in active human activity, the key point of which is the need to transform significant social reality.

This section of the course work examines the types and structure of social adaptation. Drawing a conclusion, we can say that there is no single classification of the structure of social adaptation. The lack of a unified classification of types of social adaptation is explained by the fact that a person is an individual who is part of a broad system of professional, business, interpersonal, and social relationships that allow him to adapt in a given society.

in Easy Study

What distinguishes man from animals is that he is a link in a complex chain of social relationships. Everyone understands that building strong, trusting relationships with others is not so easy. And so, when good comrades appear and an established position in the current team, life makes its own adjustments.

No matter how sociable and positive a person is, it will not be easy for him to overcome the period of adaptation to a new society. Integration into a long-formed team, where everyone knows each other from the cradle, for example, into a new class, can be especially painful. However, it is possible and necessary to establish yourself as an interesting person if friendly relations with new comrades are important to you. All this can be done if you follow some simple tips when changing your environment.

Topic 7. Disadaptation and adaptation. The ability to sell yourself. The ability to be happy.

In its most general form, the concept of “social adaptation” can be defined as follows: it is a process of interaction between a subject and the social environment, during which the requirements and expectations of its participants are agreed upon.

Social adaptation is the process of adaptation of an individual or a social group to a new living environment through its active assimilation.

Social adaptation is carried out in various spheres of human life

Social adaptation is an integrative indicator of a person’s condition, reflecting his ability to perform certain biosocial functions: adequate perception of the surrounding reality and his own body; an adequate system of relationships and communication with others; flexibility (adaptability) of behavior in accordance with the role expectations of others. The most important element of this process is the coordination of the subject’s self-esteem, aspirations and capabilities with the realities of the social environment. This coordination includes, firstly, the real level of the process - the state of the environment and the social subject at a given point in time, and, secondly, the potential level - the possibilities, trends and patterns of development of both the social environment and the social subject.

From the above it follows that the process of social adaptation is a mutually directed process, i.e. presupposing the mutual influence of the social environment and the social subject on each other. In the process of social adaptation, the following are formed: communication, behavior and activity skills acceptable to the environment, which enable the individual to assert himself and realize his needs. Social adaptation is associated with another process associated with the subject’s mastery of the social environment—the process of socialization.

Thus, the concepts and processes of social adaptation and socialization mutually define and complement each other. On the one hand, socialization presupposes that the subject has the ability to understand and assimilate the changing conditions of life; on the other hand, social adaptation represents a mechanism and one of the forms of socialization of the individual.

Stages of social adaptation . Social adaptation is a process that represents the unity of the following stages.

1. Adaptation shock, which is understood as a general disorder of the functions of a social subject or system, due to some shock of a sociogenic nature caused by a sharp disruption of the usual interaction with the external environment. This is one of the most painful stages of social adaptation, and a period of paralyzing fear and inaction and, at the same time, a primary, emotional assessment and an attempt at the very first understanding of the essence of the changes taking place. It is at this stage of social adaptation that the subject first encounters the need to master new elements of the social environment and learns their positive and negative sides.

2. Mobilization of adaptation resources . Here, for subjects who managed to survive the stage of adaptation shock, a stage of deep understanding of the situation begins and concentration of efforts on a conscious search for a way out of it.

3 . Response to the “challenge of the environment”. This is the final stage of the process of social adaptation. Its content represents the implementation of a specific model of behavior and activity that is chosen by the subject taking into account his own adaptive resources and capabilities, ideas about what is happening, as well as the main characteristics of the social environment in which the process of social adaptation takes place.

There are other approaches to identifying the stages of social adaptation. A number of researchers identify four qualitative stages of social adaptation:

the first (initial) stage , when the adapting individual grasps only the rules of behavior, but the value system of society is not internally recognized by him;

the second stage (tolerance), when both the social environment and the individual recognize the equivalence of standards of behavior in relation to each other;

the third stage - adaptation, "accommodation " - is associated with mutual concessions: the individual recognizes and accepts the value system of the environment, but representatives of this environment also recognize some of its values;

the fourth stage is complete adaptation, “assimilation,” when the individual abandons previous patterns and values ​​and completely accepts new ones.

Mechanisms of social adaptation. The successive change of the main stages of social adaptation involves the use of various mechanisms at each of them, each of which is distinguished by its originality and adaptive capabilities that appear in a person or group and with their help solve the problem of adaptation to new conditions of their life. Mechanisms of social adaptation can be classified according to

for different reasons: according to the forms of their acceptance by the subject of adaptation. There are two main mechanisms of social adaptation: voluntary and forced.

Voluntary adaptation is a situation in which new living conditions offered to a subject by the environment do not contradict his system of value orientations, beliefs and ideals and opens up new prospects and opportunities for the subject and, therefore, is accepted without resistance, even if this requires making certain efforts . For example, the opportunity to make a good career or receive a high salary can be considered by a person as the basis and necessity for changing jobs and adapting to a new team, obtaining education, retraining, etc. Difficulties that inevitably arise during the development of a new environment and new living conditions are accepted by the subject as “difficulties of growth” that must be passed through in order to get what they want. In conditions of voluntary adaptation, changes in the social environment to which the subject needs to adapt, firstly, do not prevent him from living and acting in a familiar, convenient and accessible way. Secondly, the values, principles and ideals that were previously characteristic of the subject change in the new conditions of life without much resistance or tension, since he himself believed or was convinced of the merits and advantages of the new, in comparison with the old. Thirdly, the requirements that are presented to the subject by the social environment are, to a certain extent, adjusted in such a way that they become understandable and accessible to him. Forced adaptation, on the contrary, is a situation in which the characteristics and properties of a new living environment for a subject do not correspond to and contradict his value-normative attitudes. However, at the same time, the subject cannot but accept these characteristics.

That is, in contrast to voluntary adaptation, forced adaptation rigidly forces a person to accept new living conditions. Without doing this, he will not only be unable to find a new social niche for himself and new opportunities for self-realization, but will also lose the existing ones. For example, in order to save the life of himself and his loved ones, the opportunity to work, study, etc., a person may agree to accept the most stringent demands of society or government, even those that contradict his inner beliefs. Based on the means used in the adaptation process, the following mechanisms of social adaptation are distinguished.

1. Mental mechanisms aimed at the formation and development of the subject’s psyche, the impact on it of various factors of the social environment and the adaptation of the individual’s mental makeup to the requirements of the environment. This group of social adaptation mechanisms includes the mechanisms of mental defense, mental trauma, mental and psychological suggestion, etc.

2. Socio-psychological mechanisms designed to adapt

the individual’s connection to the environment through its development in various ways.

This group includes: cognitive mechanisms, i.e. adaptation to the environment through its exploration, study and cognition. These include the mechanisms of imagination, thinking, and cognitive activity. emotional mechanisms that allow the subject to adapt to the environment through the emotional states that it causes. In this case, the emotional experiences of an individual in a new living environment become the basis for him making appropriate decisions regarding the most appropriate forms of behavior and activity for the environment. These mechanisms include fear, worry, anxiety, peace, etc. behavioral mechanisms, which represent the choice and implementation by a subject in a new situation of a certain model of behavior and activity.

3. Social mechanisms . These include: the mechanism of social activity, which can be considered as a universal mechanism of social adaptation. It is in the process of social activity that the subject is actually included in a new system of social relations, norms and values. As part of social activity, the subject acquires new social statuses and roles that allow him to enter a new social environment. The external form of manifestation of adaptation processes, which allows one to draw conclusions about how successfully they proceed in each specific case, is adaptation behavior , i.e. the process of interaction between the subject and the social environment, during which mutual requirements and expectations are agreed upon and certain mechanisms of social adaptation are implemented. A subject can choose various forms of adaptive behavior in the process of solving problems of social adaptation. The main forms of adaptive behavior include: conformism or subordination of the subject to the environment, when he fully fulfills the new requirements placed on him; innovation or renewal by a subject of the environment, when the development of the environment is carried out by the subject through certain changes in its individual aspects, properties and characteristics; external decency or ritualism, in which the subject’s adaptation to the environment occurs through external adherence to the requirements placed on him; at the same time, the subject’s own internal motives and goals may not coincide with similar characteristics of his new social environment;

“withdrawal” of the subject from the environment, his self-isolation or retreatism; such behavior is chosen by the subject, most often, when his own social and personal resources are insufficient to overcome the stage of adaptation shock or when the subject’s own goals and interests do not fundamentally coincide and cannot coincide with similar characteristics of the environment; transformation by the subject of the environment or rebellion, rebellion, when the subject seeks to completely transform the environment in accordance with his ideas about it.

Social maladjustment: concept, causes . One of the areas of activity of a social teacher is the prevention of maladaptive behavior and SPD with maladjusted adolescents.

Disadaptation is a relatively short-term situational state that is a consequence of the influence of new, unusual stimuli in a changed environment and signals an imbalance between mental activity and the demands of the environment.

Maladaptation can be defined as a difficulty complicated by any factors of adaptation to changing conditions, expressed in an inadequate response and behavior of the individual.

The following types of maladjustment are distinguished:

1. In educational institutions, a social teacher most often encounters the so-called school maladjustment , which usually precedes social maladjustment.

School maladjustment is a discrepancy between the psychophysical and sociopsychological state of a child and the requirements of school education, in which the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities becomes difficult, and in extreme cases, impossible.

Social maladaptation in the pedagogical aspect is a special type of behavior of a minor that does not correspond to the basic principles of behavior universally recognized as mandatory for children and adolescents. It manifests itself: in violation of moral and legal norms; in antisocial behavior; in the deformation of the value system, internal self-regulation, social attitudes; alienation from the main institutions of socialization (family, school); a sharp deterioration in neuro-mental health; Increased teenage alcoholism and suicidal tendencies.

Social maladaptation is a deeper degree of maladjustment than school maladjustment. She is characterized by antisocial manifestations (foul language, smoking, drinking alcohol, impudent antics) and alienation from family and school, which leads to: a decrease or loss of motivation for learning and cognitive activity; difficulties in professional determination; a decrease in the level of moral and value concepts; decreased ability of adequate self-esteem. Depending on the degree of depth and deformation of socialization, two stages of maladjustment :

Stage 1 of social maladaptation is represented by pedagogically neglected students

Stage 2 is represented by socially neglected adolescents. Social neglect is characterized by deep alienation from family and school as the main institutions of socialization. The formation of such children is under the influence of asocial and criminal groups. Children are characterized by vagrancy, neglect, and drug addiction; They are not professionally oriented and have a negative attitude towards work. In the literature, several factors are identified that influence the process of maladjustment in adolescents: heredity (psychophysical, social, sociocultural); psychological and pedagogical factor (defects in school and family education); social factor (social and socio-economic conditions for the functioning of society); deformation of society itself; social activity of the individual himself, i.e. an active and selective attitude towards the norms and values ​​of one’s environment, its impact; social deprivation experienced by children and adolescents; personal value orientations and the ability to self-regulate one’s environment. In addition to social maladaptation, there are also:

Pathogenic disadaptation - caused by deviations, pathologies of mental development and neuropsychiatric diseases, which are based on functional and organic lesions of the nervous system (mental retardation, mental retardation, etc.).

Psychosocial maladjustment is caused by the gender, age and individual psychological characteristics of the child, which determine their certain non-standard, difficult to educate, requiring an individual approach and special psychosocial and psychological-pedagogical correctional programs.

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Tip No. 2. Calm, only calm!

At first, it is better not to attract much attention to yourself. This, of course, does not mean that you need to sit quietly at the last desk and wait until everything is settled. Maintain external and especially internal calm, but be friendly and ready to help. If you need help, do not hesitate to ask for it. Reach out to the new classmate who you like the most. He will feel useful and will appreciate moderate interest in his personality. This will encourage him to build a relationship with you. This is how you will make your first friend.

Tip No. 3. Observe and analyze what is happening

Any team has established rules. At first, try to understand what is not acceptable in the new class, and avoid such actions as much as possible. If you don’t like something, don’t randomly dictate your terms to everyone. It is better not to try to change the way of life of the class, especially while you are new to it. Remember that no one likes people with a huge pride star on their forehead. Perhaps it is better to contradict yourself to some extent than to bring disaster upon yourself with your principles.

And finally, one last parting word. It is impossible to predict how people from the new team will behave. They may take the initiative first or not pay attention to the newcomer at all. Be prepared for anything and never get discouraged, and especially don’t take the catchy phrases of bullies personally. In most cases, these are simply attempts to attract attention. Remember how many times you yourself were skeptical of new people.

Don't worry if you feel out of place, it's natural. The embarrassment and awkwardness will go away when you have your first friends in the new class, and this will definitely happen within two to three weeks. Consider that this period is a kind of trial period, overcoming which will strengthen your character and will certainly give you new acquaintances.

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