Your psychologist. The work of a psychologist at school.
The changes taking place in our society today have brought forward a number of problems, one of which is the problem of raising a difficult child. Its relevance lies in the fact that every year there is a tendency towards an increase in child crime, and there is an increase in alcoholism and drug addiction among minors. Nihilism, demonstrativeness and defiant behavior towards adults have increased among young people. The problem of “difficult” students is one of the central problems in the work of educational institutions.Deviant or deviant behavior is a stable behavior of an individual, deviating from the most important social norms, causing real damage to society or the individual himself, and also accompanied by his social maladjustment.
It is customary to distinguish the following forms of deviant behavior: antisocial (delinquent) behavior, asocial (immoral) behavior, autodestructive (self-destructive) behavior.
Antisocial behavior is behavior that is contrary to legal norms and threatens social order and the well-being of others. In childhood (5-12 years), the most common forms of antisocial behavior are violence against peers or younger and weaker children, cruelty to animals, theft, and damage to other people's property. Among teenagers (13-18 years old), hooliganism, theft, vandalism, physical violence, and drug trafficking predominate.
Antisocial behavior is evasion from fulfilling moral standards accepted in society.
Among children, the most common are running away from home, systematic absences from school, theft, aggressive behavior, extortion, and lying.
Adolescence is characterized by leaving home, vagrancy, refusal to study, aggressive behavior, and profanity.
Self-destructive behavior is behavior that deviates from medical and psychological norms, threatening the integrity and development of the personality itself.
Children are prone to smoking and substance abuse, but in general, autodestruction is unlikely for this age. In adolescents, this form of behavior is expressed in the use of drugs and alcohol, self-cutting, gaming and computer addiction, food abuse and food refusal, and suicidal behavior and suicide are possible.
The identification of individual forms of deviant behavior is conditional, since in real life the described forms, as a rule, are combined depending on the totality of individual and social prerequisites for personal development.
Moral concepts, principles, and rules of behavior cannot be imparted to a child in ready-made form. They are developed by him in his own everyday practice, and are manifested in behavior. Therefore, identifying forms of child behavior that manifest deviations from generally accepted norms is a psychological, social, legal, pedagogical and medical task.
Deviant actions appear in different capacities:
- as a means of achieving a significant goal
- as a way of psychological release, replacing blocked needs and switching activities
- as an end in itself, satisfying the need for self-realization and self-affirmation.
It is believed that the following features are most clearly manifested in adolescent deviations:
— high affective charge of behavioral reactions
- impulsive nature of response to a frustrating situation
- short duration of reactions with critical output
- undifferentiated response direction
- high level of readiness for deviant actions.
The genesis of deviant behavior is determined by a number of interrelated mechanisms, identified in accordance with the components of human behavior at various levels - biological, social, psychological and pedagogical:
1. The individual mechanism (biogenetic causes) of the occurrence of deviant behavior operates at the level of psychobiological prerequisites for deviant behavior, which complicate the social and psychological adaptation of a child or adolescent:
- congenital damage to the nervous system (according to foreign studies, organic failure of the nervous system is observed in children with deviant behavior from 20% to 90%).
- acquired pathology (radiation, alcohol, infectious diseases, mental trauma of parents).
Proponents of the biogenetic concept consider innate character to be the root cause of behavioral deviations. Adler's superiority instinct, which explained crime as an innate desire for leadership, power, and superiority.
2. Psychological and pedagogical mechanism , which reveals the unfavorable features of a teenager’s interaction with his immediate environment in the family, on the street, in a team, which is primarily manifested in the teenager’s active and selective attitude towards his preferred communication environment. To the norms and values of one’s environment, to the psychological and pedagogical influences of family, school, and the public, to self-regulation of one’s behavior. Manifestation in defects in school and family education, pedagogical and social neglect, deep mental discomfort, unfavorable microclimate in the family, constant academic failure, negative relationships with peers and teachers.
3. Social mechanism, determined by the socio-economic conditions of existence, the moral and political aspect (the younger generation lacks high ideals, old idols have been overthrown, but there are no new ones. And if there are, they are often examples of the same deviant behavior.
The assimilation of asocial, deviating roles is determined by the social properties of the individual:
A) Lemert's theory of stigmatization or branding . The assimilation of norms of antisocial behavior occurs due to the frequency of their impact on the individual (if a role is forcibly imposed on a teenager, he will be like this).
B ) Sutherland's theory of differentiated communication . Ideas about society as a conglomerate of values (at home, the child is instilled with values that are at odds with generally accepted ones).
B) Durheim's theory. Deviations arise due to the contradiction between a positive goal and socially unacceptable means of achieving it (one teenager is jealous of the wealth of another, considers such a situation unfair, but he himself does not know the normal ways to resolve the conflict, hence theft, etc.).
D) Cohen's theory of subculture . The theory is built on the contradictions between the poor and the rich.
The level of deviant behavior is especially high among orphans, most of whom have living parents deprived of parental rights. What will these children grow up to be? Experience shows that this may be a generation poorly adapted to real life. Children leaving boarding schools join the criminal milieu by 40%, become alcoholics by 30%, and 10% of them commit suicide. Scientists of the early 20th century who studied the mental state of children in orphanages put forward the slogan “Better a bad family than the best children's institution.” The confidence that the presence of parents gives a child balances even such extreme shocks as those caused by war. Therefore, everyone is faced with the task of doing everything possible so that the child can live in a biological family.
Of course, difficult life circumstances, improper family upbringing, and the low educational and cultural level of those around them influence many, but not all children and adolescents placed in these conditions become deviant individuals. Deviant behavior of adolescents is formed as a result of a combination of external and internal factors, not least of which is the individual’s predisposition to internal acceptance of his deviant behavior, which primarily depends on the psychological characteristics of the minor.
Drobyshevskaya Nadezhda Afanasyevna believes: “Today, schools, police, executive committees, special schools, boarding schools, colonies, a psychiatric hospital work with “difficult” teenagers... A whole army of psychologists and social educators has been created in the country, home education has been introduced, differentiated at school, all kinds of material assistance from government agencies, huge amounts of money are spent, and the latest advances in medicine are used. So why, with all this, is the number of “difficult” teenagers joining the criminal milieu steadily growing? Because the approaches to solving the problem are not the same. False approaches based on attempts to heal the soul using material and technical means.”
I would like to end my speech with the words of psychologist V. Abramenkova: “To prevent this generation from becoming lost, we need not individual doers, but a search for the unity of these doers. We need passionate, intelligent educators and parents... And if there are people who are filled with pain for the general state of society, if they are active and look for each other, then some real changes will emerge. But this requires everyone to work within the context of a common desire for change.”
Psychologist Elena Barilo
The essence and causes of deviant behavior
Definition 1
Deviant behavior is stable behavior of an individual that deviates from generally accepted norms.
Experts believe that deviant behavior is not a disease, and a person can change at any time.
Deviant behavior, based on the knowledge of medicine, psychology, and sociology, can be interpreted in different ways. From a sociological point of view, deviance is considered as a violation by an individual of social norms and moral values. Psychologists view this behavior as a deviation from moral and generally accepted norms, resulting in harm to others and to oneself. Medicine believes that deviant behavior is a violation of moral behavior in the presence of a neuropsychic disease.
Finished works on a similar topic
Course work Types and forms of deviant behavior 470 ₽ Essay Types and forms of deviant behavior 230 ₽ Examination Types and forms of deviant behavior 220 ₽
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Deviations can be primary and secondary. Primary deviation refers to a group of deviations that are not approved, but also not particularly condemned by society. If there are differences in his behavior, a person does not consider himself a violator of generally accepted rules. Secondary deviation is recognized by society as unacceptable, a person is condemned and recognized as a violator of social norms. In this case, deviant behavior manifests itself when goals do not coincide with capabilities and a person resorts to illegal and immoral acts.
Note 1
An individual’s reluctance or inability to adapt to generally accepted rules and requirements leads to deviance. Deviance is considered an intermediate link between normality and pathology.
Considering the causes of deviations, a significant part of researchers name the following:
- psychological reasons, which include hereditary diseases, age-related crises, gender, psychodynamic characteristics, unconscious attractions;
- social reasons are the characteristics of family upbringing, material security, traditions and values of the family, style of parental education, the attitude of family members towards deviant behavior, the surrounding society, the influence of the media;
- personal reasons, among which are increased anxiety, decreased empathy, internal conflict, depression, distortion of the self-concept and curvature of the cognitive sphere.
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Deviant behavior is most often characteristic of immature individuals who do not have the necessary communication experience and positive assessments from others. Teenagers are in this group, and their behavior is a kind of signal about the presence of some characteristics that may develop in an unfavorable direction.
