Lidocaine, 100 mg/ml, solution for injection, 2 ml, 10 pcs.

Pharmacotherapeutic group

According to the instructions for use, the drug is a local anesthetic.

Pharmacological properties

Lidocaine is effective for any type of local anesthesia, since it is able to suppress pain impulses and other modalities. The action of the active substance temporarily blocks the conduction of nerve impulses.

The drug is characterized by a short latent period, after which it acts for 1-1.5 hours. The analgesic effect may decrease in the presence of an inflammatory process. Lidocaine causes vasodilation, but does not have a local irritant effect.

Peak concentration in the blood is reached 5-15 minutes after intramuscular administration. Once in the plasma, the drug binds 33-80% to blood proteins. The percentage of binding is largely determined by the concentration of the active substance and the amount of alpha-1-acidglycoprotein in the blood plasma, an increase in which can lead to acute myocardial infarction. An increased degree of binding is observed in patients who have undergone renal transplantation and patients with uremia.

The drug is able to easily overcome histohematic barriers. The liver blood flow is responsible for the metabolic rate.

Lidocaine is used for terminal, conduction and infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.

Lidocaine

Lidocaine

(eng.
lidocaine
) is a widely used local anesthetic drug, as well as an antiarrhythmic drug for the treatment of heart disease.

Lidocaine is a chemical compound

The chemical name of lidocaine is 2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide. The empirical formula of lidocaine is C14H22N2O. Molecular weight 234.3373 g/mol.

Lidocaine is a medicine

Lidocaine is the international nonproprietary name (INN) of the drug. According to the pharmacological index, lidocaine is classified in the groups “Antiarrhythmics” and “Local anesthetics”. In the ATC, lidocaine is included in several groups and is assigned the following codes:

• code N01BB02, subgroup “N01B Preparations for local anesthesia”
• code S01HA07, group “S01 Drugs for the treatment of eye diseases”
• code D04AB01, group “D04 Preparations for the treatment of itching (including antihistamines and anesthetics)”
• code C01BB01, subgroup “C01B Antiarrhythmic drugs of classes I and III”

The use of lidocaine in instrumental studies of the gastrointestinal tract

In the Foto.
Anesthesia of the nasal sinuses with lidocaine spray for topical use for the purpose of more comfortable insertion of a pH probe into the nasal passages before a daily study of the acidity of the upper gastrointestinal tract Lidocaine in the form of a dosage form - 10% spray for topical use (see illustrations above) most often Anesthetic agent recommended throughout the world for transnasal administration to a patient:

• pH probes for intragastric pH-metry (Maev I.V. et al.; Sablin O.A. et al.; Stupin V.A. et al.; Rapoport S.I. et al., RF; Warrington S. et al., UK)
• ZpH probes for impedance pH-metry (Trukhmanov A.S., Kaibysheva V.O.; Bordin D.S. et al., RF; Valitova E.R., RF, Bor S., Turkey)
• catheters for esophageal manometry (Freeman J., USA; Bordin D.S., Valitova E.R.; Storonova O.A., Trukhmanov A.S., Russian Federation)

Lidocaine spray is also used for esophagogastroduodenoscopy (Gibadullina L.V., Sannikov O.R.), rectomanoscopy and colonoscopy, when inserted into the anus or when changing a catheter during anorectal manometry, examination of anal fissures (Krylov N.N.), intubation with cerebral edema (Polunina T.E.) or with the introduction of another instrument during research and procedures.
Irrigation of the nasal cavity with lidocaine spray before insertion of a pH probe or catheter is performed with the patient in a sitting position, one dose (“injection”) into one nostril. Irrigation of the pharynx with lidocaine is not recommended, since anesthesia of the pharynx makes it difficult to insert the probe due to suppression of the pharyngeal and cough reflex, and ingestion of lidocaine changes the motility of the upper esophagus (Storonova O.A., Trukhmanov A.S.). As an alternative, it is possible to apply a lubricant with lidocaine to the inserted catheter (Bordin D.S., Valitova E.R.).

Indications for the use of lidocaine

Lidocaine is used for infiltration, conduction, spinal, epidural and terminal anesthesia (including in ophthalmology). Lidocaine is used as a local anesthetic:

• when inserting an instrument into the nose, mouth or anus
• when palpating the anal area
• in dentistry, with:
• anesthesia of the injection area before local anesthesia
• suturing the mucous membrane
• removal of baby teeth
• removal of tartar
• taking material from the oral mucosa (Ostrovskaya L.Yu.)

• instrumental and surgical interventions on the vagina and uterus
• processing of cuts
• removal of seams

In cardiology, lidocaine is used as an antiarrhythmic agent for ventricular extrasystole and tachyarrhythmia, for acute myocardial infarction, in the postoperative period, and for ventricular fibrillation.

Use of lidocaine by pregnant and breastfeeding women

The FDA category of risk for the fetus when using lidocaine in pregnant women is “B” (animal studies have not revealed the risk of adverse effects on the fetus; there have been no adequate studies in pregnant women).
Lidocaine passes into breast milk, so the use of lidocaine (especially its injectable forms) in breastfeeding mothers should be strictly under the supervision of a physician.

Trade names of lidocaine-based drugs and dosage forms

The following drugs with the only active ingredient lidocaine are (have been) registered in Russia:

• Lidocaine
• gel for topical use, 5%
• dosed spray, 100 mg/ml
• spray for topical use, dosed, 10% and 100 mg/ml
• eye drops, 2 and 4%
• injection solution, 1, 2 and 10%, 10, 20, 100 mg/ml

• plates, 700 mg
• transdermal therapeutic systems, 700 mg

In addition, there are a certain number of medications that include lidocaine as one of several active ingredients, in particular:

• Hydrocortisone-Richter
  , suspension for intra-articular and periarticular administration, active ingredients “lidocaine + hydrocortisone”. Used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases accompanied by arthritis. See “Information for medical professionals and specialists” from the manufacturer - Gedeon Richter (pdf).
• Lidocaine + Phenazol
  , ear drops
• Cathegel with lidocaine
  , gel for external use, uroantiseptic, active ingredients “lidocaine + chlorhexidine”
• Lidocaine Asept
  , spray for topical use, uroantiseptic, active ingredients “lidocaine + chlorhexidine”
• Consol
  , solution for intracoronary infusion, active ingredients “lidocaine hydrochloride + calcium gluconate + potassium chloride + magnesium sulfate + sodium bicarbonate + sodium chloride”

FDA Warning Against the Use of Lidocaine 2% Gel to Relieve Teething Pain in Infants

The FDA, in its June 26, 2014 communiqué, warns that prescription lidocaine 2% oral gel (“viscous solution”) should not be used to relieve teething pain in infants and its use in infants and young children may cause serious harm to them. up to and including death.
Local painkillers and gum medications do not have an effect, as they are washed out of the child’s mouth within a few minutes. When too much lidocaine gel is put into the mouth of infants and young children, they may accidentally swallow large amounts of the drug and this can lead to seizures, severe traumatic brain injury, and heart problems. Cases of overdose, incorrect dosage, or accidental ingestion have resulted in children being hospitalized or dying. In Russia, this communiqué to one degree or another includes, in particular:

• Kamistad
  - gel for topical use, active ingredient (per 1 g of gel): lidocaine hydrochloride 20 mg + chamomile flower extract (1:4–5) 185 mg; indications for use, including: pain during the eruption of baby teeth
• Dentinox
  is a dental gel, active ingredient (per 1 g of gel): lidocaine hydrochloride 3.4 mg + chamomile flower tincture 150 mg; indications for use: prevention of pain and inflammation during the eruption of the first teeth
• Kalgel
  is a dental gel, active ingredient (per 1 g of gel): lidocaine hydrochloride 3.3 mg + cetylpyridinium chloride 1 mg; indications for use: pain during teething in children from 5 months of age

2% lidocaine is contained only in Kamistad. In Detinox and Kalagel its content is lower, but one must also take into account the general direction of the FDA communiqué against the use of any pharmacological gels to relieve teething pain in infants.

Special instructions when using lidocaine for anesthesia

Regional and local anesthesia should be carried out by experienced specialists in an appropriately equipped room with the availability of equipment and drugs necessary for cardiac monitoring and resuscitation, ready for immediate use. Personnel performing anesthesia should be familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of systemic toxicities, adverse events, and other complications.

Fatalities from the use of injectable lidocaine in 2017

According to the press service of Roszdravnadzor: “In 2021, the Service received two reports from the Republic of Crimea and the Samara region about deaths in patients (41 years and 9 months) due to anaphylactic shock when using the drug “Lidocaine, injection solution... series 020117, produced by Ozon LLC (in one case, the drug “Lidocaine” was used together with the drug “Water for Injection”)... Roszdravnadzor has not received any other reports of adverse reactions of these drugs of the indicated series” (RIA Novosti, 31.8.2017) .
Comment (RIA Novosti, 4.9.2017).

Lidocaine has contraindications, side effects and application features; consultation with a specialist is necessary.

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Indications for use

It is used for terminal, conduction and infiltration anesthesia in dentistry, otolaryngology, ophthalmology and during surgical operations of various types. Widely used for local treatment of mucous membranes. Lidocaine is also used in conjunction with some antibiotics, the injections of which are painful.

For hemorrhoids

Lidocaine and ointments based on it are used for hemorrhoids to quickly relieve pain. It is effective both during the acute course of the pathology and in the postoperative period.

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Lidocaine dilution: 1% lidocaine from 2%

Lidocaine dilution: 1% lidocaine from 2%

You have been prescribed a course of antibiotic injections, such as Ceftriaxone. You buy an antibiotic, read the instructions and see: “dilute with 1% lidocaine solution.” You go to the pharmacy, and there it turns out that “there is no such Lidocaine, will you take 2%?”

How to make a 1% solution from a 2% lidocaine solution?

Everything is very simple: Along with the 2% Lidocaine offered to you (in the amount of 1 ampoule per 1 ampoule of Ceftriaxone), also take ampoules of water for injection (1 ampoule per 1 ampoule of 2% Lidocaine). Next, open both ampoules, take half the required dose of lidocaine and the same amount of sterile water, shake the syringe and get the required amount of 1% lidocaine solution.

Example:

To dilute a 1.0 g ampoule of Ceftriaxone, it is recommended to use 3.5 ml of 1% lidocaine as a solvent.
Available 2% solution and ampoule of water for injection. Open both ampoules, take 1.7-1.8 ml of Lidocaine from the ampoule with 2% Lidocaine and 1.7-1.8 ml from the ampoule with water. Shake the syringe and inject the resulting 1% lidocaine solution into the ampoule with Ceftriaxone, having previously treated the ampoule cap with an alcohol solution. / sitemap-index.xml On this site I have collected instructions, reviews and opinions about various medications.

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A certified pharmacist is working on the project - that is, myself - and you can ask me questions, don’t be shy. Thank you!

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Method of administration and dosage of Lidocaine 1%

The drug is used by injection (intramuscular and subcutaneous), in the form of infusions for intravenous administration, and also topically. Intravascular administration should be avoided.

Before first use, a skin test should be performed to identify possible hypersensitivity in the patient.

The dosage is determined individually. To numb various areas, 2-5 ml of a 1% solution can be used. The maximum permissible dose is 10 ml, and it cannot be re-administered within 24 hours after the injection.

How to make 1% Lidocaine?

In most pharmacies you can purchase Lidocaine ampoules with a concentration of the active substance of 1%. If this cannot be done, the drug can be diluted with sterile water for injection to reduce the concentration. Lidocaine cannot be diluted with any other substances.

To reduce the concentration of lidocaine, the drug should be diluted only with sterile water for injection.

How to make 1% from 2% Lidocaine?

To reduce the concentration of the active substance by 2 times, you need to take an ampoule of Lidocaine 2% and water for injection. Having opened both ampoules, you should take half the required dose of the drug, and then the same amount of sterile water. Then the syringe will contain the required amount of 1% solution, which will be indistinguishable from the one sold in the pharmacy. If 2 ml of a substance is needed for injection, you need to take 1 ml of water and Lidocaine.

How long does it take to work?

The drug begins its action gradually, the maximum effect is achieved 5-15 minutes after administration. A reduced dose of the drug has less effect on nerve fibers.

★Effect of lidocaine. How to use this anesthetic drug to avoid terrible consequences

LIDOCAINE, local anesthetic, instructions, mechanism of action, side effects

Local anesthesia. Lidocaine.

How long does it last?

The duration of action of the drug depends on the volume administered. The analgesic effect can last up to 75 minutes.

If you don’t understand it on this page, we’ve made an even more simplified version of the explanation - go to it... But if it’s difficult for you there, then we are powerless.

Most reagents sold in chemical stores are in dry form. However, they are usually used in the form of solutions. Therefore, one of the most frequently asked questions from our customers is how to make a solution of the required concentration from a dry substance.

We remind you that all work with chemicals should be carried out in compliance with the necessary safety measures! Use personal protective equipment for the respiratory system, eyes and skin!

Depending on the method and technique of preparation, solutions can be divided into approximate and exact. The latter can only be prepared in laboratory conditions using expensive equipment and utensils.

On the other hand, the “precision” of approximate solutions is quite sufficient for conducting home experiments, removing rust or contamination, cleaning or disinfecting aquarium or pool water, for hobbies such as chemical plating, photo printing, growing crystals, making soap and candles, etc. many others.

Chemicals can be dissolved in different media - water, alcohol, acids, etc. In this article we will only talk about dissolution in water.

What is the concentration of a solution?

The concentration of the solution is expressed as a percentage, for example 10% solution or 0.5% solution. This figure shows how many parts of the substance are in 100 parts of the solution.

So, in 100 grams of a 10% solution of table salt there are 10 grams of salt and 90 grams of water. And 500 grams of a 30% sodium hydroxide solution contains 150 grams of NaOH and 350 grams of water. One kilogram of 0.2% silver nitrate solution consists of 2 grams of silver nitrate and 998 grams of water.

Note that there is a difference between the mass concentration and volume concentration of solutions, and this difference is greater, the greater the concentration of the solute and the density of the solution.

For example, to prepare 1 kilogram of a 15% NaCl solution, you need to mix 150 grams of salt and 850 grams of water. To prepare 1 liter of a 15% NaCl solution, you will need 166.2 grams of NaCl and 941.8 grams of water (when the salt is dissolved in water, the volume of the solution will increase slightly), and the density will increase from 1.000 (actually 0.998) to 1.108.

This difference is explained by the fact that the density of the saline solution is higher than the density of pure water.

In this article, for simplicity, we will always talk about the mass concentration of the solution, that is, the weight of the solution will be measured in grams, not milliliters.

Preparation of an aqueous solution from a dry anhydrous reagent

First of all, decide what weight of solution you will need. If the solution of this substance is unstable or you need it for some one-time work, prepare as much of the solution as you need now. If the solution is well stored and used from time to time, you can prepare it with a reserve.

Now let’s calculate the amount of substance that needs to be taken to prepare a certain mass of a solution of a certain concentration:

Mass of the substance in grams = (concentration of the solution in percent) * (mass of the solution in grams/100) Accordingly, the mass of water is calculated as the difference between the total mass of the solution and the mass of the dry substance.

Example 1: prepare a 5% solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) weighing 500 grams. Mass of NaOH = (5) * (500 g/100) = 25 grams. Mass of water = 475 grams.

Example 2: let’s prepare a 37% solution of ammonium phosphate (NH4H2PO4) weighing 750 grams. Mass (NH4H2PO4) = (37) * (750 g/100) = 277.5 gmm. Mass of water = 472.5 grams.

All that remains is to dissolve a portion of the dry reagent in the calculated volume of water.

Preparation of a solution from aqueous salts (crystalline hydrates)

If you need to prepare a solution from a substance containing water of crystallization (for example, copper sulfate CuSO4*5H2O, potassium chromium alum KCr(SO4)2*12H2O and similar substances), then the calculation method changes to take into account the water already present in the substance.

Again, we start by determining the mass of the solution we want to prepare. Then we calculate how much of the substance should be contained in a solution of such a mass of the concentration we need - the formula is the same as when using anhydrous reagents.

Mass of substance in grams = (concentration of solution in percent) * (mass of solution in grams/100)

Next, we recalculate the mass of the substance per crystalline hydrate. To do this, in reference books (Yandex or Google - our everything) we find the molar masses of the anhydrous form of this substance and the crystalline hydrate and calculate the ratio - how much of the substance in the anhydrous form is contained in the crystalline hydrate. So, if the molar mass of crystalline hydrate is 150 grams/mol, and the anhydrous form of this substance has a molar mass of 70 grams/mol, this means that 150 grams of crystalline hydrate contain 70 grams of the anhydrous form of the substance.

Having determined how much crystalline hydrate of the substance we need to dissolve, we calculate the required mass of water.

Example 1. Let's prepare 500 grams of a 15% solution of sodium carbonate 10-water Na2CO3∙ 10H2O

Determine the mass of sodium carbonate in 500 grams of a 15% solution: Na2CO3 = (15) * (500 g/100) = 75 grams

We convert the mass to crystalline hydrate. Molar mass of Na2CO3 = 106 grams/mol, molar mass of Na2CO3∙10H2O = 286 grams/mol. Thus, 286 grams of sodium carbonate 10-hydrate contains 106 grams of sodium carbonate anhydrous.

We need 75 grams of anhydrous sodium carbonate in the solution. We make up the proportion and find that you need to take 202 grams of sodium carbonate 10-water.

The last step is to calculate the required amount of water. 500 grams minus 202 grams = 298 grams of water.

Example 2. Let's prepare 1000 grams of a 3% solution of magnesium sulfate 7-aqueous MgSO4∙ 7H2O

Determine the mass of magnesium sulfate in 1000 grams of a 3% solution: MgSO4 = (3) * (1000 g/100) = 30 grams

We recalculate the mass to crystalline hydrate. Molar mass (MgSO4) = 120 grams/mol, molar mass (MgSO4∙7H2O) = 246 grams/mol.

We calculate that in order to obtain 30 grams of magnesium sulfate in solution, you need to take 62 grams of magnesium sulfate 7-aqueous.

Mix 938 grams of water and 62 grams of magnesium sulfate 7-aqueous , we get the desired result.

Contraindications

Lidocaine is a potent drug that has a number of contraindications that cannot be ignored. Among them:

• infections at the injection site;
• bleeding disorders and taking anticoagulants;
• hypersensitivity to the components of the drug;
• severe renal, liver failure;
• epileptiform seizures associated with the use of lidocaine;
• marked decrease in left ventricular function;
• severe forms of heart failure;
• porphyria;
• myasthenia gravis.

Side effects of Lidocaine 1%

The use of Lidocaine can cause a number of side effects:

1. From the cardiovascular system (when used in large doses) bradycardia, arrhythmia, tachycardia, surges in blood pressure, hot flashes, and pain in the heart area may occur.
2. Neurological disorders: tingling of the skin, dizziness, anxiety, headaches, loss of consciousness, muscle spasms, sensory and sleep disturbances, dysphagia, numbness of the lower extremities, inability to control the sphincter, coma.
3. Mental disorders: increased irritability, the appearance of hallucinations, depression, when using high doses - euphoria, overexcitation.
4. From the organs of vision: reversible blindness, visual impairment, diplopia, conjunctivitis, sensation of ripples before the eyes, photophobia.
5. From the vestibular system and hearing organs: ringing or tinnitus, hyperacusis, hearing impairment, vertigo.
6. From the gastrointestinal tract: nausea, vomiting.
7. From the immune system: skin reactions, swelling, urticaria, itching, hypersensitivity reactions, suppression of the immune system.
8. Local reactions: slight burning sensation (gradually disappears with increasing anesthetic effect), hyperemia, thrombophlebitis.

There may be a temporary feeling of heat or cold, weakness. If side effects occur, dose adjustment or abandonment of lidocaine in favor of other drugs is required.

Overdose

In case of overdose, adverse reactions may increase and the following symptoms may occur:

• general weakness and drowsiness;
• respiratory depression;
• sleep disturbance;
• increased anxiety;
• asphyxia;
• tremor;
• a sharp decrease in blood pressure.

If the overdose was severe, a state of shock, impaired consciousness, or myocardial infarction is possible.

Drug interactions with Lidocaine 1%

For any type of injection, combination with Epinephrine is possible, except for cases in which its systemic effect is undesirable. Epinephrine can slow down absorption and prolong the effect of lidocaine.

When used together with drugs against arrhythmia, the cardiodepressive effect is enhanced, and convulsions are possible. Combination with Novocaine can lead to central nervous system stimulation, delirium, and hallucinations. The inhibitory effect of the drug on breathing is enhanced when using products containing ethanol.

Lidocaine

The toxicity of lidocaine increases when it is used simultaneously with cimetidine due to an increase in the concentration of lidocaine; this requires a reduction in the dose of lidocaine. Both drugs reduce hepatic blood flow. In addition, cimetidine inhibits the microsomal activity of liver enzymes.

Ranitidine, diltiazem, verapamil, propranolol and other β-blockers reduce the clearance of lidocaine, which leads to an increase in its concentration in the blood plasma.

Antiretroviral drugs (for example, amprenavir, atazanavir, darunavir, lopinavir) can also cause an increase in lidocaine plasma concentrations.

Hypokalemia caused by diuretics may reduce the effect of lidocaine when used simultaneously (see section "Special Instructions").

Lidocaine should be used with caution in patients receiving other local anesthetics or agents structurally similar to amide-type local anesthetics (eg, antiarrhythmic agents such as mexiletine, tocainide) because systemic toxic effects are additive.

Separate drug interaction studies have not been conducted between lidocaine and class III antiarrhythmic drugs (eg, amiodarone), but caution is recommended when using them together.

In patients concomitantly receiving antipsychotics that prolong or have the potential to prolong the QT interval (e.g., pimozide, sertindole, olanzapine, quetiapine, zotepine), prenylamine, epinephrine (with occasional intravenous administration), or 5-HT3-serotonin receptor antagonists (e.g., tropisetron, dolasetron), the risk of developing ventricular arrhythmias may increase.

Concomitant use of quinupristin/dalfopristin may increase lidocaine concentrations and thus increase the risk of developing ventricular arrhythmias; their simultaneous use should be avoided.

Lidocaine enhances and prolongs the effect of muscle relaxants; The risk of enhanced and prolonged neuromuscular blockade may be increased in patients receiving muscle relaxants (eg, suxamethonium).

Cardiovascular insufficiency has been reported following the use of bupivacaine in patients receiving verapamil and timolol; lidocaine is similar in structure to bupivacaine.

Dopamine and 5-hydroxygriptamine lower the seizure threshold in patients receiving lidocaine.

Opioids appear to have anticonvulsant effects, supported by evidence that lidocaine lowers the seizure threshold to fentanyl in humans. Combinations of opioids and antiemetics, sometimes used for sedation in children, may lower the seizure threshold to lidocaine and increase its CNS depressant effects.

Use of epinephrine with lidocaine may reduce systemic absorption, but inadvertent intravenous administration increases the risk of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.

Concomitant use of other antiarrhythmic drugs, beta-blockers and slow calcium channel blockers may further reduce AV conduction, ventricular conduction and myocardial contractility.

The simultaneous use of vasoconstrictors increases the duration of action of lidocaine.

Concomitant use of lidocaine and ergot acaloids (eg, ergotamine) can cause severe hypotension.

Caution must be exercised with long-term use of antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin), barbiturates and other inhibitors of liver microsomal enzymes, as this may lead to decreased effectiveness and, as a result, an increased need for lidocaine.

On the other hand, intravenous administration of phenytoin may enhance the depressant effect of lidocaine on the heart.

The analgesic effect of local anesthetics can be enhanced by opioids and clonidine.

The combined use of lidocaine with procainamide can cause central nervous system stimulation and hallucinations.

Aymaline, amiodarone, verapamil and quinidine enhance the negative inotropic effect of lidocaine.

Patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors should not receive parenteral lidocaine.

When using lidocaine and polymyxin-B simultaneously, it is necessary to monitor the patient's respiratory function. When lidocaine is used in combination with hypnotics or sedatives, narcotic analgesics, hexenal or sodium thiopental, the inhibitory effect on the central nervous system and respiration may be enhanced.

Lidocaine reduces the cardiotonic effect of digitoxin; reduces the effect of antimyasthenic drugs (prozerin, oxazil, etc.). When used together with heparin, NSAIDs or plasma expanders, it increases the tendency to bleeding.

Ethyl alcohol, especially with prolonged abuse, can reduce the effect of local anesthetics.

Lidocaine is not compatible with amphotericin B, methohexitone, nitroglycerin. Mixing lidocaine with other medications is not recommended.

special instructions

Injection of the drug should only be administered by medical professionals. Before the first use, a skin test is performed to determine individual intolerance. If the injection site is pre-treated with disinfectants that contain heavy metals, the likelihood of pain and swelling increases.

It is extremely important to avoid accidental intranasal or subdural administration of the drug. For liver cirrhosis and hepatitis, reduced doses are used.

During pregnancy and lactation

Lidocaine can cross the placental barrier and create a risk of fetal bradycardia, so it is not prescribed to pregnant women. If it is necessary to use the drug during lactation, breastfeeding must be temporarily suspended.

Before the first use of Lidocaine, a skin test is performed to determine individual intolerance.

For children

In childhood, the lowest total dose is prescribed, which is calculated based on body weight. The maximum single dose should not exceed 3 mg/kg body weight. The use of Lidocaine is possible only with parental consent.

CALCULATIONS WHEN PREPARING SALT SOLUTIONS

Example 1. It is necessary to prepare 500 g of a 5% solution of potassium nitrate. 100 g of such a solution contains 5 g of KN03;1 We make up the proportion:

100 g solution—5 g KN03

500 "1 - x" KN03

5-500 „_ x= -jQg- = 25 g.

You need to take 500-25 = 475 ml of water.

Example 2. It is necessary to prepare 500 g of a 5% CaCl solution from CaCl2-6H20 salt. First, we perform the calculation for anhydrous salt.

100 g of solution—5 g CaC12 500 " " - x " CaC12 5-500 _ x = 100 = 25 g –

Molar mass of CaCl2 = 111, molar mass of CaCl2-•6H20 = 219*. Therefore, 219 g of CaC12-6H20 contain 111 g of CaC12. Let's make a proportion:

219 g CaC12-6H20-111 g CaC12

x » CaC12-6H20— 26 » CaCI,

219-25 x = —jjj— = 49.3 g.

The amount of water is 500-49.3=450.7 g, or 450.7 ml. Since water is measured using a measuring cylinder, tenths of a milliliter are not taken into account. Therefore, you need to measure 451 ml of water.