Features of verbal and nonverbal communication in interpersonal communication
Interpersonal speech communication always represents social interaction, dialogue. By participating in verbal communication, a person expresses judgments and perceives the words expressed by other people. Information expressed in language by one person is appropriated by others, and thus understanding occurs in dialogue. In dialogue, as a communicative process, people interact by expressing semantic positions in words. In dialogue, thought is assessed and mastered in accordance with business, political, ethical, aesthetic and other criteria. Thus, dialogue is an indispensable component of linguistic communication. In interpersonal communication, posture, gestures, facial expressions, facial expressions, gaze, etc. are used as nonverbal communication means. Nonverbal means of communication, despite the richness of the verbal language of communication, are used very widely in interpersonal communication. Unlike words (sentences), nonverbal means are perceived directly by a person and act strongly, conveying the subtlest nuances of attitude.
Nonverbal means of communication (as well as verbal ones) perform basic communication functions (informational, pragmatic and expressive).
Nonverbal signs (for example, gestures, facial expressions) are most often unmotivated indexed signs and reveal feelings, emotions, and evaluative attitudes. The pragmatic function includes establishing contact, feedback, social orientation, incentive and regulatory motives. Expressive functions include adaptive, emotional (evoking emotions) and emphatic (emotional highlighting of a certain fragment).
Nonverbal communication always occurs in person. These means, as is known, can accompany speech, or can be used separately from verbal means. Nonverbal signs can be divided into three main groups: body language, paralinguistic means, clothing and jewelry. Body language can reveal a lot about the feelings and intentions of communicators. The biological roots of body language lie in various animal postures studied by ethology (postures of intimidation, reconciliation, loving intentions, etc.).
Meanings of posture, position of limbs, fingers, etc. are not always precisely defined initially; they depend on the context. Moreover, the human body is flexible enough to assume almost any position. Verbal communication is the most studied type of human communication. In addition, this is the most universal way of transmitting thoughts. A message created using any other sign system can be 'translated' into verbal human language. For example, a red light signal is translated as 'the passage is closed', 'stop'; a raised finger covered by the palm of the other hand, as in 'asking for an extra minute of break' in sports, etc. The speech side of communication has a complex multi-tiered structure (from the differential feature of phoneme to text and intertext) and appears in various stylistic varieties (various styles and genres, colloquial and literary language, dialects and sociolects, etc.).
All speech characteristics and other components of a communicative act contribute to its (successful or unsuccessful) implementation. When speaking with others, we select from a vast inventory (in modern linguistics they sometimes say: fields) of possible means of speech and non-speech communication those means that seem to us most suitable for expressing our thoughts in a given situation. speech is part of communicative culture and culture in general.
Barriers in interpersonal communication can be classified according to the nature of the existing interference:
1. Technical interference The source of such interference is the communication channel itself (fax, telephone) when obstacles to the passing signal appear in the communication channel. Interference can completely block the communication channel or partially, distorting information or truncating it.
2. Psychological interference is associated with the relationship between the communicator and the recipient, their attitudes towards the channel of information, methods, content and form of the message
3. Psychophysiological INTERFERENCE arises due to sensory abilities, peculiarities of human perception, and the ability of the human brain to remember and process information.
4. Social interference is expressed in the communicants’ belonging to different social groups; they are determined by social norms, prohibitions, and restrictions in obtaining information. 5. Cultural and national reasons. Features in interethnic communications are determined by differences in traditions, norms, values, assessment of various forms of communications, and reactions to the information received.
Types of Interpersonal Communications
Interpersonal communications.
Many are concerned about the question of how to maintain communication, how to act correctly and effectively in a social environment, without, however, becoming just a “repeater” of other people’s opinions and values, but remaining an individual, that is, oneself.
The key problem for us here is the problem of effective communication between people, that is, the exchange of messages that are expressed by various signs that carry a certain meaning.
Let's take up the question: how to understand another person and let another person understand yourself? Is it worth repeating the obvious truth that human mutual understanding is the foundation of your successful activity as a leader.
The process of communication between people is influenced by many factors, such as relationships, personal characteristics, and views. Everyone knows, for example, that close people understand each other without words. In another case, no words help - understanding remains unachieved. It is interesting in this regard to find out why people seek to communicate with us and what they seek to say or show us in order to receive our “message”. There are five main types of communications:
Cognitive:
The main purpose of communication here is to convey content or information. What is said or written is most important, although in practice it can be difficult to separate the content from the personality of the speaker and his manner of communication. The most common examples: a teacher gives a lecture, an announcer reads the news on television.
Expressive:
We enter into communication in another case - when we want to convey our feelings, assessments, views. It is not always easy for us to find suitable words to express our feelings and states, our spiritual and psychological needs, our inner attitude towards things or phenomena. One example is the communication of lovers who meet after a long separation.
Persuasive:
here we seek to influence others, either by urging them to change their attitude towards something, or by asking them, for example, to do something for you. Politicians, lawyers, traders, etc. are especially adept at this type of communication.
Social-ritual:
a certain part of our communication is devoted to maintaining the norms and customs of socio-cultural behavior, for example, the dating procedure, customs of hospitality, congratulations, etc. This includes “ritual” phrases such as “Good afternoon!”, “How are you?”
Non-verbal:
We communicate successfully through facial expressions, especially the eyes and mouth, as well as through posture and gestures. We prefer to talk “face to face” precisely because we help verbal communication with non-verbal ones, and we can “fish out” the various shades of the message, its hidden meaning, which the interlocutor does not want or cannot express in words. In our daily life, these types of communication are, of course, mixed.
Stereotypes.
External charm and self-confidence evoke a positive attitude even before verbal communication. For example: “selection of secretaries based on appearance.”
Preoccupation and preoccupation with oneself.
When we are consumed by some kind of concern, when we are nervous or self-absorbed, we are unlikely to make a good communicator. For example, a distraction from the topic, a “frozen” look.
“Overreaction” to emotionally charged words.
The communication process is distorted when relationships between people go beyond the “emotional norm”, and besides, one of the participants cannot or does not want to restrain himself and uses words with a thick emotional and evaluative coloring. Such “exchanges of pleasantries” can interrupt communication even between close people for a long time.
Unreasonable interruption.
As a rule, people who have a higher social position or power, namely bosses, teachers, parents, interrupt another's message unnecessarily. It has been noticed that in communication between a man and a woman, men interrupt more often.
Communication strategy, communication tactics, communication skills
A communicative strategy is a part of communicative behavior or communicative interaction in which a series of different verbal and nonverbal means are used to achieve a specific communicative goal, as E.V. Klyuev writes, “the strategic result towards which the communicative act is aimed.” Strategy is a general framework, outline of behavior, which may include deviations from the goal in individual steps. Sellers, in particular, are taught strategies for selling goods through communication with the buyer. Sometimes a seller may speak badly about a particular product. But at the same time, he is implicitly advertising another available product! The seller (especially the street distributor) can use non-verbal techniques (offering to look at a brochure with illustrations together - penetrating into the personal space of a potential buyer).
We use a specific greeting strategy every day for different people and for different purposes of communicating with these people. Many strategies are ritualized, turned into speech conventions and lose their “rhythm” and information content. Violation of conventions, on the contrary, can be considered as a 'message'. If you are often late, and justify your lateness, for example, with poor transport, then they stop believing you. When this actually happens, they don’t believe your truth. In this case, you can even come up with a paradoxical principle: lie so that they believe
Communicative intent (task)
– a tactical move, which is a practical means of moving towards the corresponding communicative goal. Remember the previous example of 'temporary honesty' with the buyer. The same “temporary frankness” is contained in the rhetorical figures of politicians who admit: “We are not angels, we are simple people,” although the communicative goal is to convince the voter of the almost “divine” exclusivity of the potential chosen one. For this, non-verbal elements of communication can also be used (simple clothes, the president in a home environment and a sweater, and other image-making techniques).
The intention and the goal are different here, but ultimately, within the framework of the strategy, the intention contributes to the implementation of the overall goal: - be able to effectively formulate a communication strategy; - be able to effectively use a variety of tactical communication techniques; - be able to effectively present yourself (or your company) as a participant in the communication process. Efficiency here means the correlation of verbal and nonverbal techniques with the goals and objectives of communication, communicative intention and perspective, the systemic cohesion of the elements of a communicative strategy, the practical feasibility of individual tactical moves.
Communicative personality
is understood as one of the manifestations of personality, determined by the totality of its individual properties and characteristics, which are determined by the degree of its communicative needs, the cognitive range formed in the process of cognitive experience, and communicative competence itself - the ability to choose a communicative code that ensures adequate perception and targeted transmission of information in a specific situations. Parameters of a communicative personality.
The determining characteristics for a communicative personality are the characteristics that make up three main parameters - motivational, cognitive and functional. Communication is carried out by individuals, they use their communicative competence, determine the strategy and tactics of communicative behavior, and accumulate certain experience. Of course, each of them does this individually, which allows us to talk about a communicative personality
The motivational parameter is determined by communication needs and occupies a central place in the structure of the communicative personality. If there is no need, then there is no communication, or there is pseudo-communication, most likely determined by the psychological need in the communication process as such, and not in the transmission of a message (loneliness, gaming socialization, etc.). Based on the communicative need, a communicative attitude is formed, which pursued by a communicative personality during a certain period of communicative activity (means of communication and tactics vary). The cognitive parameter includes many characteristics that form the individual’s inner world in the process of accumulating cognitive experience: knowledge of communication codes, the ability to carry out introspection and self-reflection, that is, introspection and self-awareness, metacommunication skills, the ability to adequately assess the cognitive and communicative horizon of the communicant partner, myths and prejudices, stereotypes and beliefs. The success of communication and the impact on the interlocutor largely depend on the compatibility of the cognitive characteristics of the communicants.
The functional parameter includes three characteristics that determine the communicative competence of an individual: practical knowledge of verbal and non-verbal means to carry out communicative functions; the ability to vary communicative means in the communication process in connection with changes in the situation and communication conditions; constructing discourse in accordance with code norms and etiquette rules
resources necessary for building effective communication in a certain range of situations of personal interaction, it is important to limit such types of communication as service-business or role-playing and intimate-personal. The basis for the difference is usually the psychological distance between partners, this is me - you contact. Here the other person acquires the status of a neighbor, and communication becomes trusting in a deep sense, since we are talking about trusting the partner with oneself, one’s inner world, and not just “external” information, for example, related to a typical work task being solved together.
Communicative competence consists of the following abilities:
Give a socio-psychological forecast of the communicative situation in which you will communicate;
Socially and psychologically program the communication process, based on the uniqueness of the communicative situation;
Carry out socio-psychological management of communication processes in a communicative situation
Based on the fact that competence includes a certain set of knowledge, abilities and skills that ensure the successful completion of the communication process, the following strategy for constructing a diagnostic system is distinguished: an inventory of competence components (knowledge, abilities and skills) and the selection or creation of an appropriate psychological procedure. However, in practice, this approach cannot be effectively implemented - as communication research expands and deepens, the growth in the number of identified components exceeds the pace of creating diagnostic tools that meet the elementary reliability criterion. In fact, when diagnosing competence, one is limited to assessing a very narrow set of its components. Since a comprehensive diagnosis is difficult, it is desirable to define criteria for selecting the main components of competence for assessment. The decision on the choice of means suitable for improving competence in communication depends primarily on how communication itself is integrated and understood. In social psychology, there are three main components in the structure of communication: communicative exchange, interaction and person-to-person perception. From this idea of the structure of communication it follows that competence in communication is a complex formation. In the broadest sense, communicative competence is defined as competence in interpersonal perception, interpersonal interaction
the ability to conduct verbal and non-verbal exchange of information, as well as diagnose the personal characteristics and qualities of the interlocutor;
the ability to develop strategy, tactics and technology, interact with people, organize their joint activities to achieve certain socially significant goals;
the ability to identify oneself with the interlocutor, understand how he himself is perceived by the communication partner and treat him empathically.
Types of communicants:
A) Dominant (strives to seize the initiative, does not like to be interrupted, is harsh, mocking, speaks louder than others). B) Mobile (easily enters into a conversation, moves from topic to topic, talks a lot, interestingly and with pleasure, does not get lost in an unfamiliar communication situation).
C) Rigid (experiences difficulties in the initial phase of establishing contact, then is clear and logical). D) Introverted (do not strive to take the initiative)
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The concept and content of the process of social communication
Social communication is the most important component of interaction in society. In some situations, contact can be established without it, but this happens only in rare cases.
Communication is communication in which participants mutually exchange information and expect the same openness from the interlocutor in response. This exchange of data can be carried out in two ways: in the form of a verbal or, as it is also called, verbal form and non-verbal or wordless form.
The nonverbal type of communication has come to humanity from the most ancient times, because it is carried out not with words, but with gestures and facial expressions, dance, music, fine arts, sculpture and architecture. After all, all previous generations of people shared their information with humanity in exactly this way. From various found structures, temples, palaces, sculptures and paintings, scientists obtain data about the life of their ancestors.
The main task of the communication process, as becomes clear from its definition, is the transmission of a message with information to another person. The process of disclosing one’s own thoughts and feelings to another participant in communication in sociology is called a signal.
A signal does not always carry a message or information. If the signal comes from another person, but in an unfamiliar language, then the process of communication or data exchange will not occur. If the information received is no longer relevant or known but understood, then it is a signal with a message but without information. The signal will be a message with information only if the data is not yet known to the receiving interlocutor.
Communication is a symbolic process, which means it requires a certain carrier - a symbol and a sign. A symbol or sign is an object that helps reveal the meaning of the transmitted message. This could be a word, gesture, posture, facial expressions, behavior, emotion.
The main means for understanding and accepting the data received is language. Language is one of the most important sign systems, capable of reflecting the structure of society and defining specific features of the communication process.
Also, one of the most important characteristics of communication is the intention of the interlocutors to influence each other.
This process is carried out using special influence mechanisms:
- Beliefs.
- Suggestions.
Persuasion is a purposeful communicative influence, characterized by a logical explanation of one’s rightness and the desire to obtain consent from the other participant.
Suggestion is a communicative influence that does not require a logical explanation or assessment of the suggested point of view. The implementation of influence occurs through influence on an emotion or feeling that influences the will of another participant in the communication process.
Social communications are of three types:
- interpersonal;
- public;
- massive.
The specialist is also given another special type – non-verbal communication of ritual action.
Every person during his life masters such skills as communication with himself, self-reflection and interpersonal communication. Without such knowledge, an individual will not be able to become a full-fledged part of society. People must be able not only to feel and think, but also to reflect on their own feelings and thoughts.
A collection of individuals who interact with each other is called a group, and if such a group has its own hierarchy and formalized structure, then it becomes a formal organization.
If we talk about communication processes in an already established society, they occur and are limited in accordance with the laws of communication accepted in the group, formalized rules, conventions, mores and habits. National language and traditions.
If we consider communication between the state and its citizens, we can say that it is usually carried out in a formalized manner and is transmitted through announcements, acts of parliament, government decrees, and television. Also, on its own territory, the government has the right to harsh communication - organized physical violence, for example, when detaining criminals.
Communication is considered the main factor determining the type and level of organization of a social group.
According to its content, communication can also be classified into three groups:
- Innovative.
- Stimulating.
- Orientation.
Innovative interactions include interactions that can provide some new information. Orientation is considered communication that helps you navigate your own life, the value of things and information. The stimulation group refers to contacts that actualize motivation.
One of the main features of social communication is the ability to put oneself in someone else’s place, predict his thoughts, feelings, actions and orient his own. The rudiments of such skills are formed in a person from birth with the help of an innate biopsychic inclination in the game. For example, when a small child plays with imaginary partners, he alternates between putting himself in someone else’s place and then in his own. And later, the baby already plays in a group with real partners and hones his skills in predicting their behavior.
Social communication is a unique tool for the socialization of the individual. Individuals learn about themselves when they interact with others. They exchange ideas about each other, learn about their inner world and their own capabilities. People always strive to interact with others and want to receive the result of this communication process.
Since the twentieth century, among the various types of social communications, mass communication has begun to predominate. After all, it was at that time that the media began to appear and actively develop. More and more communicative activities began to be carried out with the help of television, radio, advertising, sound recording, and in the future - computers and the Internet. It is the totality of all technical devices that allow one person to address a huge audience that is called mass communication.
Initially, mass communication was only a means to supply a large society with important information, but over time it turned into a large social problem. Mass communication began to be used in education and political propaganda. Concerns began to emerge that excessive use of communication media would lead to harmful cultural and social consequences. To control this process, the United States of America even formed a separate branch of sociology that studies mass media.
Scientists working in the new industry have created a special qualification for the audiences of media sources. People who receive information from media such as radio, television and the Internet are divided into different groups based on factors such as age, gender, professional affiliation and level of financial security. In each of the selected groups, data on the use of mass sources and communicative actions differ.
All messages people receive from media sources are called mass culture and are a symbol of the modern social order. It is mass social communication that is now responsible for breaking ordinary, old connections, for the emergence and development of pseudoculture, for “manipulation of consciousness,” “alienation” and “suppression.”
No means of mass communication directly influence society, but act through certain other elements. It is impossible to find a direct interaction between the message conveyed by information sources and the actions of society.
One of the tools of mass media, advertising, also has a great influence on modern society. It influences a person’s behavior, shapes his lifestyle, and draws attention to various events. Advertising appeals to the individual and is able to convince of the need to buy any product or service and is a means of manipulating the consciousness of the masses, which means it is a big problem for a person.
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