Psychological counseling: goals and objectives, definition, main areas of assistance

Psychological consultation is one of the branches of psychotherapy that has appeared in practice relatively recently. It is carried out in the form of a conversation. The demand for this type of therapy initially appeared among people who do not have psychological disorders, but who want to consult with a competent psychologist to solve personal problems.

The areas in which the average person needs help affect all aspects of our lives. These are relationships with the opposite sex, child-parent relationships, working with the inner self, establishing life guidelines, helping to communicate with strangers, resolving conflicts within the family and many, many different areas. There are no boundaries or clear definitions of topics in this area yet. What are the goals, objectives and approaches in psychological counseling?

Definition

The foundations of psychological counseling originated in Ancient Greece. Even then, there were unique consultants and reception centers. Only they were called differently, often they were astrologers or ministers of cults. Psychotherapy as a method of treatment officially appeared at the end of the 17th century. Doctors for the first time began to try to treat with psychological methods. Already in the 19th century, hypnosis was tested on humans. True, this method had a different name - treatment with magnetic fluids. Since 1955, professional psychological counseling has developed.

Its purpose was to solve personal and interpersonal problems. Both individuals and groups of individuals can take part in it. Often a married couple or an entire family needs help. The essence of therapy comes down to solving personality problems, its development and the formation of interests that do not contradict it and the environment. Difficulties in everyday life and the inability to cope with oneself have given rise to the need to create a separate type of psychological help. This is how the concept of psychological counseling appeared. The purpose of counseling is determined depending on the needs of the applicant.

Who is it for?

Professional psychologists engage in dialogues with their clients with the intention of creating change in their condition. The subject, purpose and objectives of psychological counseling are aimed at helping people who do not value themselves and live according to unconstructive destructive principles. By talking with a psychologist, the client gets rid of negative attitudes. Every counseling professional has a different approach to their work. The clients of a psychotherapist are often confused people, those who are unlucky in life, who have experienced losses and grievances. Theoretically, every person can use the services of a psychotherapist-consultant. After all, each of us has some resource areas - those that do not bring satisfaction, but have an impact on the quality of life.

Target

Psychological counseling is designed to help clients comprehend the reality around them. An individual, with the help of a specialist, deals with internal problems, sets life guidelines and goals to achieve. In the process, problems of an emotional nature and in relationships with others are solved. Psychological consultation provides an opportunity for an individual to draw his own conclusions about what is happening in his life. The desire to act at one's own discretion is stimulated. The consultant offers the client models of behavior, and he chooses the one that is acceptable to himself. The practice of personal inferences promotes development and self-improvement. The individual is immersed in an atmosphere of his own responsibility for development, and the consultant creates conditions so that the client willingly takes on work on himself. At the same time, personal interaction and full support of the client are provided at all stages of therapy.

The goals of counseling and psychological assistance are as follows:

Elimination of the unstable emotional state of the individual.
Expanding consciousness, understanding the role of the individual in his own life.
Teaching clients the ability to independently resolve their own problems.
Make him feel that he can help other people realize their own capabilities based on the knowledge he received from the psychotherapist.
Develop the ability to resist life's troubles.
Give instructions in case of subsequent manifestations of the problem.

Historical sketch

Like the appearance of a prof. K.'s activities began to develop in the beginning. 20th century in the USA in the field of career guidance for youth (J. Davis, F. Parsons, etc.), social and psychological. rehabilitation of war veterans, disabled and mentally ill people (K. Beers and others). A number of laws. acts of the 1920s–30s. supported the emerging institutions of cultural education in education. institutions, rehabilitation centers and societies. organizations specializing in providing assistance to the population. The Journal of Consultative Psychology appeared in 1937.

After the 2nd World War in the USA, and then in Europe, there was an expansion of psychological. non-clinical help character. Amer was founded in 1952. Human Resource Management Association (APGA), reorganized in 1983 as America. Association for Counseling and Development (AACD), and in 1992 - in the Amer. Association for Counseling (ACA), which became Sec. prof. organization of consultants in the USA.

The development of the theory and methodology of psychological counseling was greatly influenced by the works of K. Rogers “Counselling and Psychotherapy” (1942, Russian translation 1999) and R. May “The Art of Psychological Counseling” (1965, Russian translation 1994), which laid the foundation basics of training consultants and ethics. modern standards psychological consulting.

K. Rogers defined CP as “an interaction that allows the client to become so self-aware that it enables him to take positive steps in light of his new orientation.” He substantiated the advantages of a “non-directive” (or “client-centered”) approach to counseling, placing first priority on the creation of warm emotional contact between consultant and client, allowing free expression of emotions and excluding pressure from the consultant and his interpretations.

R. May, one of the founders of the existential approach in cultural psychology, believed that the tasks of cultural psychology are to promote the growth of personal freedom and a person’s ability to take responsibility for his life, to help him free himself from pathological conditions. feelings of guilt and worthily accept the spiritual tension inherent in human nature. May considered the most important personality traits of a consultant to be honesty with oneself, acceptance of one’s imperfections, the ability to enjoy life and show selfless interest in people.

Growing up K.P. was promoted by visits to Moscow in the 2nd half. 1980s V. Frankl and K. Rogers. With penetration in the 1990s. to Russia w. Schools of psychotherapy began to rapidly develop. K. p. The number grew. psychologists are developing original approaches to K. p., for example. dialogic approach (F.E. Vasilyuk and others), based on the theory of dominance by A.A. Ukhtomsky and the concept of dialogue by M.M. Bakhtin.

Principles of psychological counseling

The therapist initially accepts the person seeking help as an individual person with his own needs. Everyone who comes for the support of a psychologist has the right to be treated with dignity and has the value of individuality. Any person is able to take responsibility for their own life. Everyone has the right to choose decisions and goals, to follow their own understanding of life. Any pressure and decisions for the client are prohibited; they prevent the individual from solving his problems in the most favorable way for him.

Types of psychological counseling

There are several types of psychological counseling, depending on the problem situations and the characteristics of the people who turned to a professional. A psychologist's clients may differ in age, marital status, personality traits, religion and culture - all this requires different approaches from the psychologist. The following types of psychological counseling are distinguished:

according to the form of implementation - individual, group, family;
by focus - psychological and pedagogical, business, multicultural;
by age - consultation for children and adults.

These are not all possible types of psychological counseling - they are created by various scientific schools, and practical applications require more and more new options for psychological services.

Individual counseling is practically the most common type of psychological counseling. During this process, the client is left alone with the consultant. This form of consultation is suitable for those people who want to solve a problem in their own minds - get rid of fears, grow personally, become more successful, etc. Psychological counseling is widespread as a method of reducing anxiety and aggressiveness among school-age children.

Group counseling involves several clients and one consultant. Consultation is carried out on common problems that unite clients, for example, counseling teams at work about unity, or counseling different married couples.

Family counseling involves members of the same family as clients in order to resolve their interpersonal conflicts or prepare for an important event, such as the birth of a child. This form of consulting is the most difficult from the organization’s point of view, because

It is especially difficult to gather people separated by conflicts for a common cause.

Psychological and pedagogical counseling is aimed at teaching people how to interact with children and older students. Issues of optimizing training programs, applying methods, educational innovations, etc. are covered.

Business psychological consulting can be characterized in various ways, depending on the organization or field of activity in which it is applied. In addition to focusing on professional activities, the goals of business psychological consulting are to unite employees, increase work efficiency, advise managers on more effective management, etc.

Tasks

A psychologist-consultant faces many important tasks, the main one of which is to guide the client to independently resolve his own problem.

The first task of the specialist is to instill in the client the idea of his own responsibility for the result of his life path. Different people have opportunities in life for development and a full-fledged existence. But how a person uses them, depending on his own experience and subconscious, is an individual decision.
Convey to the client the importance of a conscious approach to his own life, give him an incentive to achieve his goals.
Help to reveal negative experiences in consultation and let go of grievances and life disappointments. They hinder development.
Find a way to solve his problems together with the client. The most favorable and acceptable for him personally.
Develop flexibility using a situational approach, showing alternatives in possible behavior.

The main task of a psychological consultant is to teach the client to independently cope with complex problems, which resonates with the definition of the purpose of psychological counseling.

General tasks of psychological counseling

General tasks of psychological counseling

Different authors highlight different tasks and goals of psychological counseling, and formulate different principles and stages. However, any consultative process involves the solution of some general tasks, among which are the creation of a trusting atmosphere, relieving psychological tension, leveling the client’s negative emotional experiences, responding, recognizing and clarifying problems, proposing and analyzing possible ways to resolve a problem situation, choosing from several alternatives and accepting decisions, action plan and programming, emotional support. Depending on the situation, the consultant devotes more time and attention to solving a particular problem. Let us consider in more detail the content of the listed general tasks of psychological counseling.

Creating an atmosphere of trust and relieving tension

The patient, as a rule, seeks psychological help while in a state of affective overload. Before getting an appointment with a consultant, he had already tried, and more than once, to solve his problem on his own. Having failed, the client experiences frustration - a state when he encounters an insurmountable obstacle on the way to achieving a significant goal. The experience of frustration is associated with an increase in psychological tension and other negative emotions. Therefore, the consultant must be ready to solve the problem of optimizing the client’s emotional state.

Reaction

It is always important for the patient to speak up. Not only to reduce the level of tension, but also to feel acceptance of his experiences in the consultant's response. It is important for the patient to provide relief from negative experiences by talking about them. Talking through the problem, reducing the level of emotional tension, frees up cognitive and intellectual resources; sometimes, freed from the paralyzing oppression of affect, the client himself begins to better understand his problem and possible ways to solve it.

Clarification

An important task is to clarify the problem, pronounce details and details. In some cases, the client perceives his psychological difficulties in the most general terms. Sometimes he sees a problem from a certain angle and does not notice that from a different angle it looks different. Therefore, the consultant must be able to “mirror” the client’s problems, present him with a kind of mirror, in which all the psychological nuances of the current situation are reflected in a new, more constructive aspect. Understanding is the first step to change.

Clarifying the client's psychological problems involves answering the question of to what extent his psychological defenses, his illusions and fantasies that soften the perception of reality should be destroyed. Clarification, therefore, is carried out by the consultant taking into account the client’s adaptive and compensatory capabilities, his reserves and resources.

Promotion and analysis of solution options

The client's partiality and subjectivity in relation to his own problems often prevent him from seeing the most correct way out of the current situation. The consultant's help also includes stimulating the client's logical thinking. The consultant can, for example, organize a kind of “brainstorming”, encouraging the client to put forward any ideas that come to his mind, which are subsequently subjected to careful analysis in terms of possible consequences, positive or negative aspects of developments.

Choice and decision making

Despite the fact that the client understands all the positive and negative aspects of a particular decision, it can be difficult for him to make his choice. Every consultant in his work is faced with an important question: how to help a client make a decision? First of all, in such a situation, it is recommended to provide the client with emotional support, encourage him, and instill confidence in his ability to make the right choice. Under no circumstances can the consultant make choices for the client; the client must do it himself.

Psychological impact

Most authors consider psychological influence an integral part of the counseling process. This impact is actually based on the use of various techniques and techniques of psychotherapy, or psychological correction within the framework of different directions in psychotherapy - psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive or existential-humanistic.

Subject of consultation

What the psychologist and the client work on together during a consultation is the fulcrum that is used during a period of personal crisis. Its potential, growth area. Those positive personality qualities that need to be developed, build on them and use them in the process of getting rid of negativity in life. The main problem of people who need psychological consultation is hidden individuality. They are afraid to be who they really are. The overwhelming majority of clients of psychologist-therapists believe that there is no order in their minds, they are “wrong”, not like other people. What is the purpose of psychological counseling? It is for a person to understand his uniqueness, his individual and exclusive role in society.

Consultation procedure

In the client’s state, only his feelings matter to the psychologist; actions are not discussed. The goals and objectives of psychological counseling are reduced to stabilizing the internal state of the individual. How should a professional psychotherapist conduct a consultation?

Identify the client's problem. What did he ask for, what worries him, what causes negative emotions.
Find out the atmosphere in which the client is located. To what extent the situation around you contributes to your health or, conversely, aggravates the problem and will interfere with the process of psychological assistance.
Recognize the client's characteristics. His ability to obtain a positive result, his willingness to change his views and relationships with the outside world. How capable is he of receiving help from psychological counseling?
Providing the consultant with all professional opportunities to alleviate the individual’s condition. Work of a professional with the personal characteristics of the client.

What is psychological counseling

Psychological counseling is the work of a person with a professional psychologist to resolve certain problems and conflicts. An important difference between counseling and psychotherapy is that a counseling psychologist works exclusively with mentally healthy people.

The objectives of psychological counseling are to help the client:

evaluate your behavior patterns and identify low-effective ones among them;
develop effective mechanisms for making complex decisions;
understand complicated life situations;
find harmony in your personal life and profession.

During a psychological consultation, a person turns to his internal resources in order to understand and analyze experiences and events that could cause increased anxiety and failure. By revealing the true causes of difficulties, clients learn to resist them and overcome obstacles on the path to the desired achievements.

The most important condition for psychological counseling is following the basic rules of psychological work with patients. They are based on several postulates:

anonymity;
goodwill;
acceptance of client values and norms;
lack of ready-made schemes for resolving problems and conflicts.

Where is psychological counseling used?

The widespread use of this method implies many uses. When working with children, psychological counseling is used most often. Its effectiveness in working with teenagers has been proven repeatedly. It has been noticed that when working with children, the goals and objectives of developmental psychological counseling are revealed most fully and expediently. The work is carried out not only with the child, but also, without fail, with his parents. The method is also used when working with student groups. Persons undergoing psychological counseling in this age group are stimulated to develop and undergo adaptation in groups. Studying student behavior and motivation has a positive impact on curriculum design. From an economic point of view, the result of the introduction of psychological counseling in this group helps to solve problems associated with disinterest and detachment of students.

Psychological assistance services have been created for older people. Often classes are held in groups or with married couples. Social services offer help to those in need in the form of free psychological consultation. In most cases, this help is provided to people who have suffered from their own problems with adaptation to the world around them. This method of psychotherapy is also used in production. Nowadays, the management of large companies prefers to have their own psychologist on staff. Conversations with him are designed to change the psychological attitudes among company employees that prevent them from applying their knowledge in the most favorable way. Research has shown that it is not the organization of production, but social life in a team that plays a dominant role for the individual.

The goals and objectives of psychological counseling in production boil down to improving the morale of employees and harmony within the team. The military used this method very little, given the certain conservatism of this area. An individual approach in military activities, as a rule, is not used. Although, it is obvious that psychological counseling would help improve the adaptation of recruits and resolve problems in establishing a moral climate within a military group. Often, individuals serving in troops included in the category of special danger (pilots, parachutists, etc.) experience extreme stress and panic attacks. This condition contributes to dropping out of the educational process. The same applies to those demobilized, who have to get used to normal civilian life again, return to loved ones and build social ties.

Methods of psychological counseling

The basic set of psychological counseling methods lies in the fundamental principles of psychological diagnostics. Among them:

conversation. Makes it possible to collect data about the patient’s internal state by directing the conversation with him in the right direction. In a conversation format, it is easier to establish trusting relationships, invite the client to dialogue and find out the true reasons for his condition;
interview. The direction of work is close to conversation, but represents a more structured and thoughtful communication with the patient. Through leading questions, the consultant gets to the core of the problem. The initial interview with the patient is a fundamental point in the entire consultation process;
active listening. It implies the psychologist’s participation in the patient’s monologue by approving his words, leading questions, and clarifications. This is a form of work that allows you to create an atmosphere of empathy and promotes the patient’s disclosure to the consultant;
empathy. This is the reflection and acceptance by the consultant of the client’s feelings and experiences, empathy with him;
observation. The work of a psychologist is to constantly analyze the patient’s words and non-verbal actions and systematize the data obtained. By observing the client, the psychologist draws conclusions about the sincerity of his words, true experiences and deep-seated problems.

In addition to the above types and methods, there are also other psychological counseling techniques used in various schools or certain situations. For example, this is working with resistance in psychological counseling. The patient’s resistance to changes in consciousness and reluctance to return to unpleasant memories create a so-called “protective barrier” that the psychologist must recognize and help the client overcome.

When providing psychological counseling to couples, a psychologist can work with two patients at once, or by inviting them separately. This makes it possible to work out some of the nuances in the relationship that each spouse would not like to bring to the attention of the other.

Effective methods

In modern psychotherapy, these methods are used in combination and make it possible to cope with the client’s problem in the fastest and most favorable way:

Catharsis. Or confession. An open conversation with a counselor gives the individual the opportunity to open up about problems. At this moment, the psychologist is required to participate and understand. Catharsis reveals the client’s hidden problems to the specialist. In the process of applying this method, role-playing games and drawing are used.
Conviction and recommendations. This method places a huge responsibility on the consultant. After all, it is impossible to determine what advice will help an individual cope with his problem in one consultation. A seemingly obvious solution to a crisis situation may later turn out to be incorrect, since the consultant did not fully listen to the client and did not understand his internal motives. The disadvantage of this method is the bias of some experts.
Integrated interpretation. This method allows you to get to the core of the client's problem. The consultant, from the client’s perspective, analyzes the current situation in his life. For example, a client talked about his problem, in response the consultant begins a phrase with the words: “And you felt…”. That is, he gets used to the role of the client and explains his emotions from the position of psychoanalysis.

Modern approach to psychological counseling

The goal and objectives of the modern method is for a person, with the help of a psychologist, to grow morally to a state where he can independently cope with problems, both existing and subsequent ones. Therapy is as follows:

The psychologist does not work for the client and does not manipulate his consciousness. He works together with the client. The specialist’s task is to free him from personal problems so that he can develop independently and successfully navigate his life path.
The new approach pays more attention to emotions. Knowledge about the problem does not provide results in solving it. The emotions that an individual experiences during a crisis are important; they determine his behavior.
Work is carried out with the present, and not with the past of the individual. The past is important from the point of view of building the chain that led to the development of the problem. An interesting fact is that if the client’s past is not considered in therapy, then personality development occurs faster and more effectively.
The process of psychological consultation already carries with it an experience for the client. Experience of responsibility for one's own actions and their results in one's life.

Views on the structure of psychological counseling from different authors

Emotional-volitional sphere Read more: Individual and cultural empathy

1.3. Views on the structure of psychological counseling from different authors.

In the literature on the problems of psychological counseling, the stages of a counseling conversation are somewhat different, but their content and final result are identical. For us, consideration of the stages of psychological counseling is of interest, since the communicative competence of a psychologist-consultant largely determines the success of completing the tasks of each of the stages of psychological counseling, and also influences the process of consulting work. Let's consider the features of the interview stages with G.S. Abramova (2000):

1. Structuring – lasts up to 10 minutes.

The peculiarity of this stage is that the psychologist

determines the topic of interaction with the client, receives

information about his capabilities (how he can help). This solves the problems of establishing

contact. This stage, according to G.S. Abramova,

ends when:

Psychologist: “I understand him, I feel him.”

Client: “They listen to me, I trust this person.”

2. Gathering information in the context of the topic. At this point

At the stage of psychological counseling, the problem is identified and the issue of identifying the client’s potential capabilities is resolved.

3. Desired result - “What do you want to achieve?”

Here the psychologist helps the client determine his ideal, decide the question of what he wants to be. If the consultant is already clear about the client’s goals, then G.S. Abramova advises to immediately give recommendations.

4. Development of alternative solutions - “What else are you

you can do?"

Work is underway on various solutions to the problem in order to avoid rigidity.

5. Summary of previous stages - “You will

doing so?" There is a transition from discussion to action. (1).

Yu.E. Aleshina suggests dividing psychological counseling into four stages:

1. Start of conversation (duration 5-10 minutes),

the psychologist meets the client. At the dating stage, Yu.E. Aleshina draws attention to the position of equality of names, and also suggests that the consulting psychologist avoid “unfortunate words” (problem) and “expressions” (“Don’t be afraid.”) “In whatever form such remarks are heard, it follows from them that something can be done here.” something to be afraid of” (2, p. 30).

2. Questioning the client, telling the client about himself (25-35

inut). In order to “talk” the client, the psychologist is recommended to ask open-ended questions. For example: “What is your family like? When did it start?". In order to fully participate in the dialogue with the client, the consulting psychologist should remember the names, titles, dates, details mentioned by the client.

3. Corrective influence. At this stage

Yu.E. Aleshina allocates from 10 to 15 minutes, but it is necessary to understand that the time allocated for all stages of the consultation process is determined conditionally. There are many ways of corrective influence, for example, paradoxical questions that call into question adherence to generally accepted norms (“Why not...?”); and paraphrasing - what was negative makes it the cause of positive emotions.

4. End of the conversation (5-10 minutes). When concluding a conversation, you should also address the client by name.(2).

Stages of psychological counseling according to V.Yu. Menovshchikov look like this:

1. Establishing contact and orienting the client to work. Motivation has a huge impact on the success of counseling. There are various ways to motivate a client to work: this is the use of various types of charisma (charisma of a stranger, charisma of inferiority, charisma of calling, charisma of a fighter, charisma of a game and charisma of novelty), the ability of a consulting psychologist to clearly explain what the client will learn in the course of work (“possible benefit"), "possible damage" - what the client will deprive himself of if he resists counseling; help the client take responsibility for the events taking place, since it is known that the ability to influence events reduces stress and helps restore the body’s strength.

2. Research and awareness of the task.

3. Enumeration of hypotheses, here the developed creativity of the consultant is of particular importance.

4. Solution.

5. Leave contact.

American psychologist and psychotherapist, classic of existential-humanistic psychology, R. May, offers four stages of psychological counseling:

1. Establishing rapport, i.e. establishing a trusting relationship with a client can be done through mirroring (reflecting the client’s gestures, repeating the endings of phrases, etc.) and cross-work. The goal of this stage is to join so that the person opens up.

2. Character reading – express drawing up a psychological portrait of the client based on his manners, habits, tone of voice and other characteristics.

3. Confession and interpretation of results. At this stage of counseling, there is a process of active listening and interpretation by the psychologist of the information heard, events and feelings that the client describes.

4. Personality transformation. The consultant’s goal is “not only to alleviate the client’s experiences, but also to direct them in a constructive direction” (17, p.98).

The success of the advisory work of a consulting psychologist is built on the basis of the use of extensive knowledge, the actualization of certain attitudes, abilities and special skills that determine the effectiveness of the conversation process. The ability to create a psychological climate conducive to the free flow of the communication process. I.V. Dubrovina highlighted the professional skills of a psychologist that determine the success of a psychological conversation. These include:

mastery of reflective and active listening techniques

ability to accurately perceive information: listen and observe effectively, adequately understand verbal and nonverbal signals, distinguish between mixed and disguised messages

ability to correctly formulate and ask questions in a timely manner

the ability to see and take into account factors causing a defensive reaction of the respondent, preventing his involvement in the interaction process, etc. (33, p. 78)

This block of skills, called by many authors

as communication skills, is described in many works devoted to the characteristics of interpersonal relationships. For example, A.K. Bolotova considers communicative competence, which ensures the effective flow of the communicative process. The author emphasizes listening skills, saying that “effective listening depends not only on accurately understanding the speaker’s words, but no less on understanding non-verbal cues. which will help to correctly interpret the words of the interlocutor, and therefore will help to establish not only trust in communication, but also to listen and hear him.” (7, p. 79).

The most effective in communication is non-judgmental feedback - active listening, in which the meaning of messages is deciphered during the conversation and their real meaning is clarified. The corresponding reactions-answers are called reflexive. There are four main types of reflective responses: clarifying, paraphrasing, reflecting feelings, summarizing, approving. Defining the ability to listen and hear a partner as initial communication skills, we must explain that they themselves cannot lead to successful communication if they are not associated with compliance with the rules of organizing communication.

There are 7 areas for assessing the effectiveness of interviews with the communicative activities of a consulting psychologist. Let's look at a summary of the key ideas. This helps to compare the competence and effectiveness of the psychologist or therapist.

1. Intentionality. How many directions for

What kind of client development can you offer as a psychologist? If at first your client is stiff and immobile, how many additional opportunities does he have after you work together?

2. Creative decision making. The client himself sets

are the goals of therapy or are you doing it? Does the range of problems include the search for positive aspects? Do you have at least 3 alternatives for action? Can we say about the client that he acts cheerfully and purposefully, or is the decision-making process difficult?

3. Microtechniques. Can you purposefully

apply microtechniques to achieve a certain impact on the client? In particular, are you able to extract the facts, feelings, and reasons behind problems? Are you able to use influencing and listening skills to describe how the client sees and feels the situation? Can you use influencing skills to create new perspectives on a situation? Are microtechniques being used correctly in terms of the client's environment?

Emotional-volitional sphere Read more: Individual and cultural empathy

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