Expressive potential of the language of literary prose

IN THE TEXT…………………………………………………………….……………..14

2.1. Trails………………………………………………………………………………….15

2.2. Figures of speech………………………………………………………22

CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………………………..29

LIST OF THEORETICAL SOURCES…………………………………….30

INTRODUCTION

Expressiveness is currently one of the most actively studied linguistic categories.

Elements of the theory of expressiveness in linguistics appeared at the end of the 19th century. in the works of A.A. Potebnya and J. Vandries. These researchers linked expressivity to affectivity. Particular interest in expressiveness arose in the mid-20th century. (monographs by Sh. Balli, Ya. Zima, V.A. Zvegintsev, A.I. Efimov, articles by E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, L.M. Vasiliev and other researchers, in which the theoretical understanding of the category of expressiveness was continued) . Research in this category was also carried out by such linguists as I.V. Arnold, G.V. Vakhitova, G.K. Gimaletdinova, N.V. Gubenko, D.S. Pisarev and others.

Interest in the problem of expressiveness is explained by attention to the “linguistic personality,” or more precisely, to the description of language as a means of detecting and at the same time influencing the linguistic personality, its behavior and internal spiritual activity. Expressiveness acts in the text as a means of pragmatics, revealing the author’s speech strategy, and becomes one of the means of speech influence on the reader.

By putting his thought into linguistic form, the author of the message inevitably expresses his attitude towards the subject or situation. Very often such a message is colored by the subjective attitude of the sender of information to what he is talking or writing about. Therefore, expression is considered as a detection of the speaker’s individuality, manifested in the feelings, emotions and assessments of the subject. This author's expression finds its expression in speech, in one or another selection of linguistic means, and may have the additional purpose of exerting a certain impact on the addressee (listener or reader).

Expressiveness can be transmitted at various levels, lexical and syntactic. We are interested, first of all, in the first one, namely tropes and figures of speech.

The object of this study is the expressive potential of the language of literary prose.

The subject of our research is the means that are used to create expressiveness in fiction.

The purpose of the work is to identify the means that are used to create expressiveness in fiction.

The goal involves solving the following tasks:

• study the theoretical foundations of the category of expressiveness;
• carry out an analysis of the most common expressive language means in fiction;
• summarize the results of the analysis.

This course work consists of an introduction, two theoretical chapters, a conclusion and a list of sources used.

Expressiveness as a linguistic category of language

The term “language” denotes the structure of language, a literary norm, and individual speech (for example, the language of Shakespeare). And this, in a certain sense, is correct, since there is no language as a system without its social and individual use [13, p. 41]. By its nature and essence, language acts as a complex combination of ideal and material, biological (physiological) and psychological, social and individual. In addition, language as a phenomenon has a complex internal structure [13, p. 37]. When talking about language, it is very important to touch on its functions.

The functions of language were studied by such scientists as K. Bühler, J. Murazhkovsky, R. Jacobson and others. The result of their research allowed R. Jacobson to identify six functions of language:

• educational;
• communicative;
• expressive-emotional;
• incentive (appealative);
• phatic (direct contact);
• poetic;

All these functions are, according to R. Jacobson, components of one communicative function of language.

Increased interest in the expressive function of language has been noted in recent years in the research works of foreign linguists. The prevailing point of view is that the expressive function of language is associated only with the transmission of emotions. Part of the text or parts of the text convey meaning with increased intensity, expressing the internal state of the speaker, and has in its development emotional or logical intensification [1, p. eleven]. In this case, we can claim that expressive means were used in the text. First of all, we need to figure out what expressiveness is.

The category of expressiveness has a long tradition in the language. In theoretical studies since antiquity, the concept of “expression” has appeared, which means “expression” in translation from Latin (expressio). The concept of “expressiveness” means a particularly distinguished way of expressing thoughts and feelings and is often identified with the concept of “expressiveness”. The exact translation of the word “expression” itself – “expression” evokes the idea of ​​the expressiveness of linguistic means as their expressive capabilities, i.e. about a special stylistic device [14, p. 17].

Recently, the words “expressivity”, “expression” and “expressive” have found widespread use in research papers.

The phenomenon of expressiveness is based on several groups of psychological laws relating, on the one hand, to the expression of emotions and feelings, and on the other, to perception (this includes, first of all, the opposition of figure and background, as one of the main conditions of perception). The linguistic mechanism of expressiveness is mainly a deviation from stereotypes in the use of linguistic units of various levels.

The emergence of expressiveness as a characteristic of speech or text is influenced by the properties of the communicative situation: the intentions of the speaker/writer, the presumptions of the reader/listener (i.e., the initial knowledge and ideas with which he enters into communication), as well as the linguistic and extralinguistic (social) context of the communicative act.

According to S. Bally, the founder of the modern concept and methods of studying expressive facts of speech, expressiveness is an emotional perception of reality and the desire to convey it to the recipient. He emphasized the possibility of the existence of multiple means and ways of transmitting the same emotional content. S. Bally deduced the presence of numerous expressive means from “associations generated by the presence in memory of expressions similar to this one, creating a kind of unconscious synonymy” [4, p. 393]. It is this multiplicity that, according to the scientist, constitutes the problem of expressivity.

V.N. Gridin gives the following definition of expressiveness. Expressiveness is a set of semantic and stylistic features of text units that ensure its ability to act in a communicative act as a means of subjective expression of the speaker’s attitude to the addressee or the content of speech. Expressiveness is characteristic of units at all levels of language [11, p. 591].

Expressiveness is everything that makes speech more vivid, powerful, deeply impressive [8, p. 107].

Expressiveness is the phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic units of language; these are the author's neologisms, the introduction of colloquial or slang vocabulary, stylistic figures; parallel constructions, zeugma, buildup, all kinds of repetitions, inversion, alliteration, etc. With all this, expressively colored vocabulary and its meaning are given special attention in semasiology (the science of the meaning of words, their expressions and their modifications). From the point of view of this science, in the study of expressiveness, it is important to distinguish between words that name emotions and words that evoke an emotional (sensual) reaction in the recipient (reader). The last category of words is considered by scientists through the prism of a systematic description of meaning and, thus, emotionality loses its communicative independence and becomes expressive and synonymous [7; 12; 4].

The choice of expressive means and the correspondence of these means to the communicative intentions of the speaker have always been the focus of stylistics. In stylistics, there are four areas of study of expressiveness: 1) linguistic stylistics or descriptive stylistics, which studies large classes of texts, the focus of which is the stylistic coloring of the linguistic essence; 2) stylistics of individual speech, which deals with the study of texts belonging to a specific author (subject), as well as all linguistic means and methods of organizing a connected, holistic and emotionally charged text; 3) comparative stylistics, which mainly studies translation problems, and 4) text stylistics, which considers the expressiveness of a given text from the point of view of its aesthetic value [17, p. 179]. Expressiveness in the latter case involves consideration of various methods of speech influence.

Consequently, the concept of expressiveness can be interpreted in different ways: 1) expressiveness can be both a stylistic and lexicological category; 2) it is necessary to take into account the fact that expressiveness has a linguistic nature, that is, it acts through the mechanisms of language, and its effect is manifested only in speech (text). It follows that expressiveness has a dual nature: linguistic and speech. In general, expressiveness can be defined as the attitude of the subject to what is being expressed, which, in addition to expressiveness itself, presupposes the presence in the content of such factors as emotionality and evaluativeness. The categories of emotionality and expressiveness are closely intertwined [18; 5].

When considering expressiveness, it is important to clarify its purpose. The general task of expressiveness is to express or stimulate a subjective attitude towards what is being said. On the part of the speaker/writer, this is amplification. Highlighting, emphasizing statements, deviations from speech standards, norms. As well as expressing feelings, emotions and moods, endowing statements with emotional power, evaluating, achieving imagery and creating an aesthetic effect. On the part of the reader/listener, this is maintaining and strengthening attention, increasing reflection, and the emergence of emotions and feelings.

5.4. Newspaper and journalistic style. Expressive means of language

Styles of Russian literary language

Journalism is called the chronicle of modernity, since it fully reflects current history and addresses the topical problems of society - political, social, cultural, everyday, philosophical, etc. The newspaper-journalistic (journalistic) style of speech is presented on the pages of newspapers and magazines, in materials of radio and television journalism, in public lectures, in the speeches of speakers in parliament, at congresses, plenums, meetings, rallies, etc.

Texts belonging to this style are distinguished by a variety of topics and linguistic design. On the one hand, the same genre, for example, the reporting genre, will be significantly different in a newspaper, on radio and on television. But, on the other hand, a newspaper report differs significantly from other newspaper genres - information, essay, feuilleton, etc.

However, all genres of journalism have many common features that allow them to be combined into a single whole. And these common features are due to the presence of a common function. Texts of journalistic style are always addressed to the masses and always perform - along with information - an influencing function. The nature of the impact can be direct and open. For example, at a rally, speakers openly call on the masses to support or reject this or that decision of the government, this or that speaker, politician, etc.

The nature of the impact may be different, as if hidden behind the outwardly objective presentation of facts (cf. radio and television news programs). However, the very selection of facts, their more or less detailed consideration, the nature of the presentation of the material also provide for a certain impact on the masses. By its very nature, journalism is called upon to actively intervene in life and shape public opinion.

A characteristic feature of journalism is also that it influences not just one person, but the masses, society as a whole and its individual social groups. In the journalistic style, the author's individuality is manifested much more strongly than in the scientific, official and business styles. However, in this case, the author manifests himself not only as a specific person (with his own unique characteristics), but also as a representative of society, an exponent of certain social ideas, interests, etc.

Therefore, the main feature, the dominant feature of the journalistic style is social evaluation , which is manifested both in the selection of facts, the degree of attention to them, and in the use of expressive language means.

In general, the journalistic style is characterized by a constant alternation of expression and standard, the constant transformation of expressive means into a standard and the search for new expressive means of expression.

For example, the metaphors cold war, iron curtain, perestroika, stagnation, thaw almost immediately turned into socio-political, standardly used terms.

Such confrontation and interaction between expression and standard is quite natural. The influencing function determines the constant desire of journalism for expression, but the need for expressive and visual means conflicts with the need to quickly respond to all modern events. Standards, being ready-made speech forms, are correlated with certain socio-political and other situations. And a text constructed in a familiar, standard form is easier to write and easier to digest. It is no coincidence that such stereotypes are most often found in those genres that require an economical and concise form and that are operatively related to the event itself: an official message, information, a press review, a report on the work of parliament, government, etc. In other genres (essay, feuilleton, etc.) there are fewer speech standards, original expressive techniques come to the fore, and speech is individualized.

The standard informative means used in the journalistic style include the following:

Among the expressive-influencing means, it is necessary to highlight the following:

Of course, the use of standard and expressive means of language in a journalistic style largely depends on the genre, on the sense of proportion, taste and talent of the publicist.

Exercises for the topic “5.4. Newspaper and journalistic style. Expressive means of language"

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