Psychological characteristics of communication
tags:
Person, Communication, Feeling, Process, Voice, Medium, Facial expressions, Attitude Communication is a process of information exchange and interaction between people, based on people’s perception and understanding of each other
Basic functions of communication:
1. Information and communication - transmission and exchange of information;
2. Regulatory-communicative - regulation of activity and behavior;
3. Affective-communicative - transfer and exchange of internal emotional attitude towards someone or something.
Diverse relationships with other people are realized in different types of communication, which are classified according to two main criteria - the functions and nature of the manifestation of relationships. Depending on the function, they distinguish: formal communication - regulated in content and form; informal - due to personal relationships. Based on the manifestation of relationships, communication is distinguished: socially oriented (report, lecture); group subject-oriented (communication in the process of study, work) and person-oriented (communication of one person with another.
The following types (levels) of communication can also be distinguished:
1) “contact of masks” - formal communication, when there is no desire to understand and take into account the personality characteristics of the interlocutor, the usual masks are performed (politeness, severity, indifference, etc.);
2) primitive - when they evaluate a person as a necessary or interfering object: if necessary, they actively come into contact, if it interferes, they push away. Primitive interpersonal reactions: ambition, complacency, envy, gloating, aggression, etc.;
3) formal-role - when both the content and means of communication are regulated, and instead of knowing the personality of the interlocutor, they make do with knowledge of his social role;
4) business - when the characteristics of personality and character are taken into account, but the interests of the business are more significant;
5) spiritual - when you can touch on any topic and do not necessarily resort to words, a friend will understand by movements, etc.;
6) manipulative - aimed at extracting benefits from the interlocutor, using various techniques (flattery, intimidation, etc.).
communication levels:
1. Macro level
is expressed in the fact that a person communicates with other people in accordance with prevailing circumstances, traditions or customs.
2. Mesa level
involves communication within a meaningful topic; it can be single or reusable.
3. Micro level
carries an element of content and is expressed in certain indicators that are characteristic of other levels: question - answer, handshake, facial expressions, pantomime, etc.
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... qualities of a person acquired by him in the sociocultural environment in the process of joint activity and communication. A systematized set of human qualities that define personality is presented in the diagram. The basis of the biological substructure of personality is temperament - a natural relationship between stable individual personality characteristics, ...
Communication structure
can be characterized by identifying three interrelated aspects in it: perceptual, communicative and interactive
Communication means the exchange of information. Information can be ideas, thoughts, feelings, events, etc. Information is transmitted using two main means of communication: verbal and non-verbal. Verbal means of communication are language, speech (oral and written).
The communication process is built according to the scheme: A B, where A is the communicator who transmits information, B is the respondent who receives information. But the respondent not only receives information, he processes it, analyzes it, comprehends it, and only after that he himself begins to act as a communicator. That is, communication is a process of mutual exchange of information. The transmitted information is usually encoded into a specific language. In the process of communication, it is important to speak the same language in the sense of mutual understanding or, in other words, it is necessary to be able to adapt to the analogue perception of your communication partner. Otherwise, there is no mutual understanding between people.
Interaction, or interpersonal interaction, is a set of connections and mutual influences of people that develop in the process of their joint activities. A necessary condition for the success of the communication process is that the behavior of interacting people matches each other’s expectations. In interpersonal interaction, two interrelated components can be distinguished: internal, or attitude towards another person, and external, or communication, in which attitude towards other people is manifested in different ways.
Interpersonal perception means the perception of a person by a person, during which knowledge occurs not only of other people, but also of oneself. In psychology, the following main mechanisms of interpersonal perception are distinguished:
- identification - identifying oneself with another or the ability to put oneself in the place of another person;
- empathy - the ability to sympathize, empathize with other people;
- reflection - a person’s awareness of how he is perceived
People around;
- causal attribution - a causal explanation of the actions of another person by attributing to him feelings, intentions, thoughts and motives of behavior;
- stereotyping - classification of forms of behavior and interpretation of their causes by attributing them to already known or seemingly known phenomena, i.e. corresponding to social stereotypes.
There are verbal and non-verbal means of communication.
Verbal communication (sign) is carried out using words. Verbal means of communication include human speech. Language is a system of signs and methods of connecting them, which serves as a tool for expressing the thoughts, feelings and will of people and is the most important means of human communication.
Speech activity refers to a situation where a person uses language to communicate with other people. There are several types of speech activity:
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- speaking - using language to communicate something; - listening - perception of the content of sounding speech; - writing - recording the content of speech on paper; - reading - perception of information recorded on paper.
To the main non-verbal means of communication
include: Kinestics - considers the external manifestation of human feelings and emotions in the process of communication. These include:
- gestures; - facial expressions; - pantomime.
Gestures are various movements of the hands and head. All cultures have similar gestures, among which are: • Communicative (gestures of greeting, farewell, attracting attention, prohibitions, affirmative, negative, interrogative, etc.) • Modal, i.e. expressing assessment and attitude (gestures of approval, satisfaction, trust and mistrust, etc.). • Descriptive gestures that make sense only in the context of the speech utterance.
Facial expressions are movements of the facial muscles, the main indicator of feelings. The main informative load in facial expressions is carried by eyebrows and lips.
Eye contact is also an extremely important element of communication. Looking at the speaker not only shows interest, but also helps us focus on what is being said.
Pantomime is gait, posture, posture, general motor skills of the whole body.
Gait is a person's style of movement. Its components are: rhythm, step dynamics, amplitude of body transfer during movement, body weight.
Posture is the position of the body. The human body is capable of taking about 1000 stable different positions. Posture shows how a given person perceives his status in relation to the status of other persons present.
Extralinguistics is the inclusion of pauses and various non-morphological human phenomena in speech: crying, coughing, laughter, sighing, etc.
The voice contains a lot of information about the owner. An experienced voice specialist will be able to determine the age, place of residence, health status, character and temperament of its owner.
Although nature has endowed people with a unique voice, they themselves give it color. Those who tend to change the pitch of their voice sharply tend to be more cheerful. More sociable, more confident, more competent and much nicer than people who speak in a monotone.
The feelings experienced by the speaker are reflected primarily in the tone of voice. In it, feelings find their expression regardless of the words spoken. Thus, anger and sadness are usually easily recognized.
The strength and pitch of the voice provides a lot of information. Some feelings, such as enthusiasm, joy and disbelief, are usually conveyed in a high-pitched voice; anger and fear are also conveyed in a rather high-pitched voice, but over a wider range of tonality, strength and pitch. Feelings such as grief, sadness, and fatigue are usually conveyed in a soft and muffled voice with a decrease in intonation towards the end of each phrase.
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Speed of speech also reflects feelings. A person speaks quickly if he is excited, worried, talks about his personal difficulties, or wants to convince or persuade us of something. Slow speech most often indicates depression, grief, arrogance or fatigue.
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The concept of communication, the structure of communication
Communication is a multifaceted process of developing contacts between people, generated by the needs of joint activities. Communication includes the exchange of information between its participants, which can be characterized as the communicative side of communication. The second side of communication is the interaction of those communicating - the exchange in the process of speech not only of words, but also of actions and deeds. And finally, the third side of communication involves the perception of those communicating with each other.
The category “communication” is one of the central ones in psychological science, along with the categories “thinking”, “activity”, “personality”, “relationships”.
Given the complexity of communication, it is necessary to somehow designate its Structure so that analysis of each element is then possible. The structure of communication can be approached in different ways, as well as the definition of its functions. We propose to characterize the structure of communication by identifying three interrelated aspects in it: communicative, interactive and perceptual.
The communicative side of communication, or communication in the narrow sense of the word, consists of the exchange of information between communicating individuals.
The interactive side consists in organizing interaction between communicating individuals, i.e. in the exchange of not only knowledge, ideas, but also actions.
The perceptual side of communication means the process of perception and cognition of each other by communication partners and the establishment of mutual understanding on this basis. ra communication.
Verbal and non-verbal communication.
When communicating with each other, people use verbal and nonverbal communication. What it is? Verbal communication is our speech, this is the information that we transmit through the organs of hearing. But this type of communication cannot always be trusted, since people tend to tell lies. But non-verbal communication can be trusted 99%.
Nonverbal means of communication can be called more simply – sign language.
Closed gestures are arms crossed over the chest or legs crossed. Closed gestures mean a negative attitude. There is such a concept - congruence, it means the correspondence of verbal and non-verbal information. If on a cold day at a bus stop you see a person with his arms and legs crossed, this does not mean that he has a negative attitude, he is simply cold. body language to determine how honest their client is
How can you recognize a lie?
How else to recognize a lie? If a person covers his mouth or rubs his nose when communicating with you (except for a runny nose), you can suspect him of lying. These gestures come from childhood; when a child lies, he covers his mouth with his hand (as if preventing the words from coming out). As we grow up, we hone our gestures, but the meaning remains the same. The same can be said about rubbing your ear or lobe; the person doesn’t want to listen to you.
Knowing how to use verbal and nonverbal communication will make the right impression on your interlocutor and give you a better chance of achieving what you want.
Psychological mechanisms of human understanding
Factors influencing people's perception of each other:
1) implicit theory of personality, according to which a person’s appearance and behavior determines the presence of certain character traits. Communicating throughout life with various people, a person accumulates in his memory an impression of their appearance and behavioral characteristics. Long-term memory retains only a generalized image of these individuals. Subsequently, when meeting people who are similar in appearance, a person projects onto them his memories of those previously met, and attributes (correctly or incorrectly) to them those character traits that are included in the saved image;
2) the primacy effect (halo effect) - the first impression of a person turns out to be so strong that it can influence the formation of a stable opinion about him.
3) the effect of novelty - information stored in the memory of the latter has a stronger influence on the formation of a person’s image and his assessment than the previous one, with the exception of the very first impression.
When people perceive each other, facial expression, especially eyes and lips, and hand movements, especially fingers, are of paramount importance.
Assessing emotional states.
As experimental data show, in 30-50% of cases people make incorrect assessments of the emotional states of the people around them, and positive emotions are assessed more correctly than negative ones.
The most correctly assessed positive emotions include joy, followed by admiration.
Negative emotions such as resentment, anger, and melancholy are poorly assessed.
Forms of perception and understanding of a person by a person:
1) analytical - common among artists and doctors, who associate every external feature of a person (eyes, hair, hands, etc.) with a specific personality trait;
2) emotional – the presence of personal qualities is determined based on the emotional attitude towards a person (mechanisms of novelty and primacy).
3) perceptual-associative - attention is drawn to the external manifestations of a person, which are compared with images stored in memory, on the basis of which an assessment of this individual is given. This method is most often used by older people, actors, executives, doctors and teachers;
4) social-associative - the perceived person is evaluated due to existing social stereotypes. friend's friend.
Concept and types of conflicts
There is a common belief that conflict is always a negative phenomenon that causes hostility, threats, resentment, misunderstanding, that is, it is something that should be avoided if possible.
Representatives of the early scientific schools of management also believed that conflict is a sign of ineffective functioning of the organization and poor management.
However, at present, management theorists and practitioners are increasingly inclined to the point of view that some conflicts, even in the most effective organization with the best employee relations, are not only possible, but also desirable. You just need to learn how to manage conflict.
Currently, you can find many different definitions of conflict, but they all emphasize the presence of a contradiction, which emphasizes the form of disagreement when it comes to the interaction of people. Therefore, conflict can be defined as a lack of agreement between two or more parties - individuals or groups.
Conflicts can affect the functioning of organizations in different ways, in this they can be divided into constructive (functional), which lead to informed decisions and contribute to the development of relationships, and destructive (dysfunctional), which impede effective interaction and decision making.
In terms of content, conflicts can be realistic or unrealistic (classification by L. Couser).
Realistic conflicts are caused by the dissatisfaction of certain demands of the participants or the unfair, in the opinion of one or both parties, distribution of any advantages between them.
Unrealistic conflicts have as their goal the open expression of accumulated negative emotions, grievances, and hostility, that is, acute conflict interaction here becomes not a means of achieving a specific result, but an end in itself.
According to the nature of the participants, conflicts are divided into 4 types: intrapersonal, interpersonal, between an individual and a group, intergroup . Intrapersonal conflict occurs when there is no agreement between various psychological factors of the individual’s inner world: needs, motives, values, feelings, and so on. Such conflicts associated with work in an organization can take various forms, but most often it is a role conflict, when a person’s different roles make different demands on him. For example, being a good family man (the role of father, mother, wife, husband, and so on), a person should spend his evenings at home, and his position as a manager may oblige him to stay late at work. Here the cause of the conflict is a mismatch between personal needs and production requirements.
Intrapersonal conflicts can arise at work due to work overload or, conversely, lack of work when it is necessary to be at the workplace.
Interpersonal conflict is the most common type of conflict. It manifests itself in different ways in organizations. However, the cause of the conflict is not only the difference in the characters, views, and behavior patterns of people (that is, subjective reasons); most often, such conflicts are based on objective reasons. Basically, this is a struggle for limited resources (materials, equipment, production space, labor, etc.).
A conflict between an individual and a group arises when one of the members of the organization violates the norms of behavior or communication that have developed in informal groups.
Intergroup conflict is a conflict between the formal and/or informal groups that make up an organization. For example, between the administration and ordinary employees, between employees of various departments, between the administration and the trade union.
