What is reflection, what does psychology say about it and how to reflect usefully

Updated January 20, 2021
Hello, dear readers of the KtoNaNovenkogo.ru blog. It is noteworthy that it is reflection that distinguishes people from other living organisms. This phenomenon lies in a person’s ability to know about himself , his feelings and experiences.

It is based on the understanding “I am.” The development of your personality depends on how familiar you are with your inner world. Self-knowledge occurs through introspection. Well, read below about what reflection is and how to develop it.

What it is

This term comes from the Latin word reflecto, which means turning back . The correct way to say “reflection” is to emphasize the letter E.

Reflection is the skill of concentrating attention and one’s own thoughts inward: evaluating one’s actions, making decisions, being aware of one’s feelings, emotions and sensations.

This is an understanding of one’s own “I”, constructive criticism of one’s actions, comparing oneself with others for compliance with established norms and rules. A reflective person becomes an outside observer of himself.

The ancestor of this term is considered to be the science of philosophy. She interprets reflection as a tool for thinking about human existence. Socrates wrote that this phenomenon is the only way for internal improvement and spiritual progress through liberation from obsessive thoughts, stereotypes and prejudices.

Pierre de Chardin wrote in his scientific works that reflection is not only knowledge, but also the ability to be aware of this knowledge . He also noted that this property is available only to humans (like consciousness), which is considered the most developed form of life of all existing on the planet.

Reflection has been studied by many philosophers: their views are similar, so there is no point in writing about them separately.

Reflection in psychology is the basis of self-analysis

In psychology, this is one of the basic concepts on which self-analysis is built, leading to expanded awareness. A simple example: if I am not able to understand that my mood is always bad for the reason that I always think about bad things, then it is unlikely that anyone or anything will help me get out of my own suffering.

Reflexive action consists of a volitional decision to stop the endless flow of automatic thoughts and begin to become aware of oneself in the moment here and now.

To reflect means to think, analyze, and engage in self-knowledge. Correct self-analysis will help you avoid making mistakes in the future and provides answers to many important questions, both psychological and everyday.

As a result, the individual (who is this?) learns to think rationally (reflect correctly), not guided by fantasies and guesses, and also:

1. control and analyze mental flow;
2. evaluate your own thinking;
3. frees oneself from unnecessary, destructive thought forms;
4. gains the ability to make informed choices;
5. reveals his hidden abilities and resources.

A person with a low level of reflection commits the same erroneous actions every day and suffers from this.

On the other hand, the term “reflect” is often applied to people who are acutely experiencing something, begin to engage in soul-searching, worry, and get nervous (breaking their fingers).

Let's say he was told that everyone around him is an idiot and he begins to try it on, not himself, gets offended, becomes constrained, reflects, i.e. looking for the bad in himself. This is an extreme that should be avoided. In everything (and especially in self-examination) moderation is needed.

If you want to change yourself and your life, but at the same time you live “automatically,” then this is the path to disappointment and suffering. You need to learn to reflect correctly (without fanaticism and humiliation, soberly, objectively).

Constructive reflection is useful. This is when you draw the right conclusions from your self-analysis and use this knowledge in the future so as not to step on the same rake.

Destructive reflection is extremely harmful. Focusing on the problem, on your wrong (from your point of view) behavior does not help you, but on the contrary, exhausts you. You begin to feel guilty and cannot get rid of this feeling. Sometimes only Gestalt therapy helps to get out of this state.

By the way, it is the bourgeoisie who want to force us to reflect, plunging our faces into the dark spots of our history (Stalinism, repressions). It is precisely the formation of feelings of guilt that they want to achieve. Everyone has dark spots, but it is beneficial that only we, and not the residents of their countries, focus on this.

How to write a term paper on speech therapy

07.09.2010 221426

These guidelines are compiled to help students gain an understanding of the content and structure of coursework in speech therapy.

Logopedia of pedagogical science that studies anomalies of speech development with normal hearing, explores the manifestations, nature and mechanisms of speech disorders, develops the scientific basis for overcoming and preventing them means of special training and education.

The subject of speech therapy as a science is speech disorders and the process of training and education of persons with speech disorders.

The object of study is a person suffering from a speech disorder.

The main task of speech therapy as a science is the study, prevention and elimination of various types of speech disorders.

Coursework in speech therapy is a student's scientific and experimental research. This type of educational activity, provided for by the educational and professional program and curriculum, contributes to the acquisition of skills in working with literature, analyzing and summarizing literary sources in order to determine the range of insufficiently studied problems, determining the content and methods of experimental research, processing skills and qualitative analysis of the results obtained. The need to complete coursework in speech therapy is due to the updating of knowledge concerning the content, organization, principles, methods and techniques of speech therapy work.

As a rule, during their studies, students must write two term papers - theoretical and practical.

The first course work should be devoted to the analysis and synthesis of general and specialized literature on the chosen topic. Based on this analysis, it is necessary to justify and develop a method of ascertaining (diagnostic) experiment.

In the second course work, it is necessary to provide an analysis of the results obtained during the ascertaining experiment, as well as determine the directions and content of speech therapy work, and select adequate methods and techniques of correction.

So, let’s present the general requirements for the content and design of coursework in speech therapy.

The initial and most important stage of working on a course project is the choice of a topic, which is either proposed by the supervisor or chosen by the student independently from a list of topics that are consistent with the areas of scientific research of the department.

Each topic can be modified, considered in different aspects, but taking into account a theoretical and practical approach. Having chosen a topic, the student needs to think through in detail its specific content, areas of work, practical material, etc., which should be reflected both in the formulation of the topic and in the further construction of the study. It should be recalled that the chosen topic may not only have a purely theoretical orientation, for example: “Dysarthria. Characteristics of the defect”, “Classification of dysgraphia”, but also take into account the practical significance of the problem under consideration, for example: “Speech therapy work on speech correction for dysarthria”. It should also be taken into account that when formulating a topic, excessive detail should be avoided, for example: “Formation of prosodic components of speech in preschoolers of the sixth year of life attending a preschool institution for children with severe speech impairments.”

The course work includes such mandatory parts as: introduction, three chapters, conclusion, bibliography and appendix.

The text of the term paper begins with the title page . An example of its design can be seen here.

Then the content of the work is given, in which the names of chapters, paragraphs, and sections are formulated in strict accordance with the content of the thesis. An example of its design can be seen here.

In the text, each subsequent chapter and paragraph begins on a new page. At the end of each chapter, the materials are summarized and conclusions are formulated.

The introduction reveals the relevance of the problem under consideration in general and the topic being studied in particular; the problem, subject, object, and purpose of the study are defined. In accordance with the goal and hypothesis, objectives and a set of research methods aimed at achieving the objectives must be defined.

The relevance of the topic lies in reflecting the current level of pedagogical science and practice, meeting the requirements of novelty and usefulness.

When defining the research problem, it is important to indicate what practical tasks it will help to implement in training and educating people with speech pathology.

The object of research is understood as certain aspects of pedagogical reality, perceived through a system of theoretical and practical knowledge. The ultimate goal of any research is to improve this object.

The subject of research is some part, property, element of an object, i.e. the subject of research always indicates a specific aspect of the object that is to be studied and about which the researcher wants to gain new knowledge. An object is a part of an object.

You can give an example of the formulation of the object, subject and problem of research:

– The object of the study is the speech activity of preschool children with phonetic-phonemic speech disorders.

– The subject of the study is the features of intonation speech of children with phonetic-phonemic speech disorders.

– The research problem is to determine effective directions for speech therapy work on the formation of intonation expressiveness of speech in the system of correctional intervention.

The purpose of the study contributes to the specification of the object being studied. The goal of any research is to solve a specific problem. The goal is specified in tasks taking into account the subject of research.

The research objectives are formulated in a certain sequence, which determines the logic of the research. The research objectives are set on the basis of a theoretical analysis of the problem and an assessment of the state of its solution in practice.

The first chapter is an analysis of literary sources, which examines the state of this problem in historical and modern aspects, and presents the most important theoretical principles that formed the basis of the study.

When writing the first chapter, you should pay attention to the fact that the text of the course work must be written in a scientific style. When presenting scientific material, it is necessary to comply with the following requirements:

– Specificity – a review of only those sources that are necessary to disclose only a given topic or solve only a given problem;

– Clarity – which is characterized by semantic coherence and integrity of individual parts of the text;

– Logicality – which provides for a certain structure of presentation of the material;

– Reasoning – evidence of thoughts (why this and not otherwise);

– Precision of wording, excluding ambiguous interpretation of the authors’ statements.

A literary review of the state of the problem being studied should not be reduced to a consistent presentation of literary sources. It should present a generalized description of the literature: highlight the main directions (currents, concepts, points of view), analyze in detail and evaluate the most fundamental works of representatives of these directions.

When writing a work, the student must correctly use literary materials, make references to the authors and sources from which the results of scientific research are borrowed. Failure to provide required references will reduce your coursework grade.

As a rule, in coursework on speech therapy, references to literary sources are formatted as follows: the number of the cited source in the general list of references is placed in square brackets. For example: General speech underdevelopment is a speech pathology in which there is a persistent lag in the formation of all components of the language system: phonetics, vocabulary and grammar [17].

When using quotations, in square brackets, in addition to indicating the source number, the page number from which this excerpt is taken is indicated, for example: Speech rhythm is based on a physiological and intellectual basis, since, firstly, it is directly related to the rhythm of breathing. Secondly, being an element that performs a communicative function, “correlates with meaning, i.e. controlled intellectually” [23, P.40].

However, course work should not be of a purely abstract nature, so you should not abuse the unreasonable abundance of citations. Quoting should be logically justified, convincing and used only when really necessary.

In the second chapter , devoted to experimental research, the organization should be described and the program of the ascertaining experiment should be presented. The survey methodology, as a rule, consists of a description of several series of tasks, with detailed instructions, visual and lexical material, the procedure for completing tasks by experiment participants, and scoring criteria. This chapter also provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results obtained.

When analyzing the results of an experiment, it is necessary to use a scoring system. Examples of various criteria for quantitative and qualitative assessment are presented in the following works:

– Glukhov V.P. Formation of coherent speech in preschool children with general speech underdevelopment. - M.: Arkti, 2002. - 144 p.

– Fotekova T.A. Test methodology for diagnosing oral speech of primary schoolchildren. - M.: Arkti, 2000. - 56 p.

– Levchenko I.Yu. Pathopsychology: Theory and practice. - M.: Academy, 2000. - 232 p.

In order to visually present the results obtained during the experimental study, it is recommended to use tables, graphs, diagrams, etc. Histograms can be used in a variety of ways - columnar, cylindrical, planar, volumetric, etc. An example of the design of tables, figures, and histograms can be found here.

The third chapter provides a rationale for the proposed methods and techniques and reveals the content of the main stages of correctional work.

The conclusion contains a summary of the material presented and the main conclusions formulated by the author.

The bibliography must contain at least 25 sources. The list includes bibliographic information about the sources used in preparing the work. An example of its design can be seen here.

In the application you can present bulky tables or illustrations, examination protocols, observation records, products of activity (drawings, written works of children), notes from speech therapy classes, etc.

The volume of one course work must be at least 30 pages of typewritten text.

In general, coursework in speech therapy is the basis for a future thesis, in which the study of the begun problem can be continued, but from the standpoint of a different approach or a comparative analysis of the disorders being studied in different age categories of people with different types of speech disorders.

The content and format of theses in speech therapy can be found here.

Literature:

1. How to write a term paper on speech therapy: Methodological recommendations. Educational and methodological manual / Comp. Artemova E.E., Tishina L.A. / Ed. Orlova O.S. – M.: MGOPU, 2008. – 35 p.

2. Research work of students in the system of higher professional pedagogical education (specialty 031800 - Speech therapy). Methodological recommendations for completing the thesis / Compiled by. L.V. Lopatina, V.I. Lipakova, G.G. Golubeva. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A. I. Herzen, 2002. - 140 p.

There are different ways to reflect

To date, 7 types of reflection have been identified:

1. Communicative – allows you to solve problems that arise when interacting with society.
2. Personal – used when there is a need for one’s own cognition and correction of consciousness.
3. Intellectual – necessary for finding different solutions to the same problem. This is the ability to think variably.
4. Philosophical reflection is a tool for thinking about the meaning of life.
5. Social – reflections on the topic “what other people think of me.” The ability to see yourself through someone else's eyes.
6. Scientific – aimed at researching scientific methods, methods, theoretical justifications.
7. In the psychology of communication, reflection is the knowledge and analysis of the interaction of individuals in society.

The concept of reflection

Definition 1
Reflection is a type of personal consciousness. More precisely, it is a process of consciousness aimed at knowledge.

Philosopher John Locke gave the concept of reflection - this is the process of observation in which the mind is aware of its activities.

Note 1

Reflection can include the processes of thinking, doubt, faith, reasoning, cognition, desires and other internal feelings.

There are two levels of reflection:

• 1 is characterized by perceptions, thoughts and desires;
• Level 2 is characterized by observation or contemplation of level 1 structures.

Thus, reflection deals with the study of patterns that are characteristic of a person’s psychological characteristics and includes introspection.

Finished works on a similar topic

• Course work Reflection in psychology 480 rub.
• Abstract Reflection in psychology 260 rub.
• Test paper Reflection in psychology 220 rub.

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Note 2

Many authors research the concept of reflection. They believe that reflexive functions place a person’s personality in the position of an observer in relation to their mental activity.

Reflection can perform the following functions:

• thanks to it, a person consciously plans, regulates and controls his thinking, thus the relationship between thinking and self-regulation is realized;
• evaluates and examines not only the truth of the conclusion, but also the logical consistency;
• finds solutions and answers to complex problems.

Forms of reflection

There are also three forms of reflection, which depend on their focus:

1. situational - analysis of what is happening in the present time (right now I am sitting on the couch and writing this text);
2. retrospective – assessment of past experience. This form is useful in that we can draw useful conclusions for ourselves based on inferences about past events (yesterday I was writing a text on the same couch and the TV was on, disturbing me. That’s why today I’m working in silence);
3. perspective – thinking, planning for the future. Preparing myself for future events (perhaps tomorrow I’ll give myself a day off and just lie on this couch).