FS.2.5.0042.15 Poplar buds
Collected from late autumn, winter or early spring before the start of blossoming and dried lateral (axillary) and apical (terminal) buds of black poplar - Populus nigra L.
, balsam poplar - Populus balsamifera L., Canadian poplar - Populus canadensis Marsh., laurel poplar - Populus laurifolia Ledeb. and fragrant poplar - Populus suaveolens Fisch., family.
willows – Salicaceae.
MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
PHARMACOPOEIAL ARTICLE
Poplar buds FS.2.5.0042.15
Populi Gemmae Introduced for the first time
Collected from late autumn, winter or early spring before the start of blooming and dried lateral (axillary) and apical (terminal) buds of black poplar - Populus nigra L., balsam poplar - Populus balsamifera L., Canadian poplar - Populus canadensis Marsh., laurel poplar — Populus laurifolia Ledeb. and fragrant poplar - Populus suaveolens Fisch., family.
willows – Salicaceae.
External signs
Whole raw materials. When examined under a magnifying glass (10×) or a stereomicroscope (15×), the buds are elongated, conical, pointed with a rounded base, and sticky to the touch. The apical (terminal) buds have an ovoid-elongated shape and a pointed apex. The lateral (axillary) buds have a conical shape with a rounded base. The length of the buds is from 7 to 25 mm, in diameter - from 2 to 9 mm.
On the surface the buds are smooth and shiny, at the edges of the scales they are resinous. The scales are arranged in a spiral, the lower ones are brown - small, round, hard; the upper ones are lighter with a greenish tint, large oval, conically pointed. The apical buds have 9–12 covering scales, the lateral buds have 5–7.
The edges of the scales fit tightly, the tips (tops) of the lower and middle scales are slightly bent.
The smell is sweetish, resinous, intensifying when the bud is broken. The taste of the water extract is characteristic, pungent and bitter.
Microscopic signs
When examining the bud scales from the surface, it should be clear that the epidermal cells on the outer side are slightly elongated, with unevenly thickened cell walls and simple pores, and the epidermal cells on the inner side have thin straight walls. At the apex and along the edges of the scales, on the cells of the outer epidermis, simple unicellular thick-walled cutinized, often broken hairs with a smooth surface are found.
On a cross section of the scales, a single-layer outer epidermis should be visible with round or helmet-shaped cells slightly elongated relative to the longitudinal axis of the scales, the walls of which are covered with a thick layer of cuticle and have distinct thickenings. The inner epidermis of the scales is also single-layered, consisting of columnar cells with thin walls, some cells are filled with yellowish contents. The cells of the inner epidermis along the edge of the scales are lignified.
Under the outer and inner epidermis there is a plug, represented by radial rows of phyllem cells. The most developed cork is in the lower scales, as well as in the tops of the upper scales and the central outer part of the middle and upper scales. In the upper scales there is an extremely poorly developed (1–2 rows of cells) external plug, and the internal one is often absent.
The main tissue of the scales is loose parenchyma, consisting of cells with brown contents. At the tops of the scales, the parenchyma cells are lignified. In the main parenchyma of the scales there are groups of sclereids and drusen of calcium oxalate.
The vascular bundles are incomplete and are represented in the lower and middle parts of the scales by tracheids; There are no vascular bundles at the tops of the scales.
1 Figure – Poplar buds
1 – fragment of the epidermis of the scales (400×); 2 – fragment of a cross section of the integumentary scale: cuticle (a), hypodermis with pigment (b), parenchyma (c) (400×); 3 – simple unicellular hairs (400×); 4 – fragment of a cross section of the integumentary scale: sclereids (a), calcium oxalate drusen (b) (400×).
Determination of the main groups of biologically active substances
Thin layer chromatography
2 μl of the test solution is applied to the starting line of an analytical chromatographic plate with a layer of silica gel with a fluorescent indicator on an aluminum substrate measuring 10 × 15 cm (see section “Quantitative determination”).
The sum of phenolic compounds" preparation of solution A of the test solution) and 2 μl of a standard sample solution (SS) of pinostrobin (see section "Quantitative determination. The sum of phenolic compounds" preparation of solution A of pinostrobin CO).
The plate with the applied samples is dried in air, placed in a chamber pre-saturated for 1 hour with a mixture of solvents chloroform - alcohol 96% (9:1), and chromatographed using an ascending method.
When the front of solvents has passed about 80 - 90% of the length of the plate from the starting line, it is removed from the chamber, dried until traces of solvents are removed and viewed in UV light at a wavelength of 254 nm.
The chromatogram of the test solution should show a purple adsorption zone at the level of the adsorption zone on the chromatogram of the pinostrobin CO solution.
The chromatogram is treated with a diazo reagent and kept in a drying cabinet at a temperature of 100–105 °C for 2 minutes.
The chromatogram of the test solution should show a yellow-orange adsorption zone at the level of the adsorption zone on the chromatogram of the pinostrobin CO solution, an orange adsorption zone below the pinostrobin zone; detection of other adsorption zones is allowed.
Humidity
Whole raw materials – no more than 8%.
Total ash
Whole raw materials - no more than 10%.
Ash, insoluble in hydrochloric acid
Whole raw materials - no more than 1%.
Foreign matter
Branches, including those separated during analysis. Whole raw materials – no more than 10%.
The buds have begun to grow and blossom. Whole raw materials – no more than 2%.
Organic impurity. Whole raw materials – no more than 1%.
Mineral impurity. Whole raw materials – no more than 0.5%.
Heavy metals
In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Determination of the content of heavy metals and arsenic in medicinal plant materials and medicinal herbal preparations.”
Radionuclides
In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Determination of radionuclide content in medicinal plant materials and medicinal herbal preparations.”
Pesticide residues
In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Determination of the content of residual pesticides in medicinal plant materials and medicinal herbal preparations.”
Microbiological purity
In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Microbiological purity”.
quantitation
Whole raw materials: the amount of phenolic compounds in terms of pinostrobin is not less than 15%.
Total phenolic compounds
Preparation of solutions.
Pinostrobin CO solution. About 0.02 g (exactly weighed) of pinostrobin CO is placed in a 100 ml volumetric flask, 80 ml of 96% alcohol is added, and dissolved with stirring in a water bath at a temperature of 75 ° C. Then the contents of the flask are cooled to room temperature, the volume of the solution is adjusted to the mark with 96% alcohol and mixed (solution A CO of pinostrobin).
1.0 ml of solution A of pinostrobin CO is placed in a 50 ml volumetric flask, the volume of the solution is adjusted to the mark with 96% alcohol and mixed (solution B of pinostrobin CO).
Shelf life of solutions is 30 days.
About 1.0 g (exactly weighed) of the whole raw material is placed in a flask with a ground stopper with a capacity of 100 ml and 40 ml of 96% alcohol is added.
The flask is stoppered, weighed with an error of ± 0.01 g, connected to a reflux condenser and heated in a boiling water bath for 1 hour.
The contents of the flask are cooled to room temperature, weighed and brought to the original mass with 96% alcohol. The extract is filtered through a paper filter (solution A of the test solution).
1.0 ml of solution A of the test solution is placed in a 50 ml volumetric flask, the volume of the solution is adjusted to the mark with 96% alcohol and mixed (solution B of the test solution).
1.0 ml of solution B of the test solution is placed in a 25 ml volumetric flask, the volume of the solution is adjusted to the mark with 96% alcohol and mixed (solution B of the test solution).
The optical density of solution B of the test solution is measured using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 289 nm in a cuvette with a layer thickness of 10 mm. 96% alcohol is used as a reference solution.
In parallel, the optical density of pinostrobin solution B CO is measured under the same conditions.
the amount of phenolic compounds in terms of pinostrobin in absolutely dry raw materials in percent (X) is calculated using the formula:
where A is the optical density of solution B of the test solution;
Аo is the optical density of solution B CO of pinostrobin;
a—weight of raw material, g;
ao is a sample of pinostrobin CO, g;
P – content of the main substance in pinostrobin RM, %;
W—raw material moisture content, %.
It is allowed to calculate the content of the total flavonoids in terms of pinostrobin using the specific absorption rate according to the formula:
where A is the optical density of solution B of the test solution;
— specific absorption index of pinostrobin at a wavelength of 289 nm, equal to 700;
a—weight of raw material, g;
W – raw material humidity, %.
Packaging, labeling and transportation
In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Packaging, labeling and transportation of medicinal herbal raw materials and medicinal herbal preparations.”
poplar bud
» Catalog of herbs » Poplar bud
Poplar, the use of which is usually limited to “landscaping” plantings in parks and alleys, has exceptional healing properties.
Black poplar buds have been used in folk medicine for centuries. Official medicine confirms the medicinal properties of poplar, which has powerful antiseptic, antifungal, sedative and antipyretic effects.
Ointments, decoctions, and infusions are prepared using poplar raw materials.
Common poplar - botanical description
In botany, there are about 90 species of poplar, which belong to the willow family. Common on the territory of Eurasia are: pyramidal poplar (the most heat-loving trees), white or silver poplar and common poplar (black or sedge).
Black poplar is the most common type of poplar in Europe and Asia. A tall tree with a thick, straight trunk that very rarely bifurcates. The branches (and trunk) grow throughout the life of the plant, producing lateral shoots. The poplar bark is dark gray in color, strongly cracked and almost black at the base of the trunk. The crown is spreading, thick, even.
The leaves are smooth, dark green, in the shape of a wide drop with an elongated, pointed top. The plant is dioecious, has spikelet, pendulous or erect inflorescences in the form of earrings. The fruits are capsules with a huge number of small seeds, which are “planted” on thin hairs (poplar fluff).
The powerful root system of the poplar has a multi-tiered structure and firmly holds the plant, whose height can reach 60 meters.
Common poplar is a fast-growing plant that is relatively undemanding to conditions. It takes root on any soil, but in favorable conditions growth is significantly accelerated. Does not tolerate shading and does not “climb” into the mountains. In terms of “production” of oxygen and the ability to purify the air from dust and gases, it is many times superior to pine, spruce, and linden.
Poplar - use in medicine
Poplar buds (both leaf and flower), foliage, and bark are used as medicinal raw materials.
Black poplar buds are collected in April-May, until they open. Due to the presence of a large number of bitter resins, essential oils, mineral salts, organic acids and vitamins, poplar buds are used in the form of:
- Extract from poplar buds and ointment from pounded buds mixed with butter or lard are used to treat arthritis, rheumatism, osteochondrosis, hemorrhoids (see other recipes), purulent wounds, furunculosis, and dermatological diseases.
- An alcoholic infusion of black poplar buds is used in the complex treatment of tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis (more about their treatment), and nervous excitability.
- Water infusions successfully treat inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system (for example, trichomonas colpitis), superficial ulcers, dermatitis, neuroses, gout and “sluggish” intestines.
Poplar leaves are used in the form of infusions and decoctions, mainly internally. They have a healing effect similar to poplar buds, but a milder one. Fresh juice from poplar leaves relieves toothache. Dried poplar leaves are widely used to prepare infusions for soothing baths.
Poplar bark contains:
- Alkaloids. Substances that have a pronounced calming effect on the nervous system.
- Tannins. They have an anti-inflammatory, astringent, wound-healing effect.
- Glycosides are carbohydrate plant compounds that have antibacterial, vasodilating and metabolism-regulating effects.
Poplar bark (in the form of a decoction) is used in the treatment of diarrhea, cystitis, rheumatism, feverish conditions, colds and flu.
The medicinal properties of poplar deserve special attention : spermatorrhea (spontaneous release of sperm), vesiculitis (inflammation of the seminal vesicles), prostatitis, prostate adenoma.
In the complex treatment of these diseases, a water or alcohol infusion of black poplar buds is used (orally), as well as an oil extract of the buds in the form of microenemas at night.
Populin and salicyl (phenolic glycosides that break down into salicylic alcohol and acid), which are contained in the buds and bark of black poplar, effectively and gently relieve pain and fever, do not cause side effects and significantly improve the patient’s well-being.
The use of poplar for hair loss is effective. To treat alopecia (hair loss), an ointment is prepared from powdered black poplar buds and a fat base (vaseline or internal animal fat). This ointment stimulates the “work” of hair follicles, improves hair structure, nourishes the scalp and restores its barrier functions.
In its “pure” form it does not cause allergic reactions. However, it accumulates and transfers pollen from flowering plants, which has caused a widespread misconception about poplar as a strong allergen.
Despite the fact that drugs based on black poplar buds are used even in the complex treatment of cancer, the approach to treatment must be competent and individual.
Poplar, the use of which is so widespread and effective, should not be used for self-medication.
Consultation with a qualified doctor will help you make the most of the medicinal properties of poplar to solve your particular problems.
Source: https://ckc22.ru/topolinnaya-pochka
