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The human soul is full of various properties that are beyond our normal control. Many can remember the unique sensations in the state after a break in relationships with truly loved people, after the death of loved ones, after the loss of something very important and valuable. This state in philosophy is called a borderline situation, when a person is freed from all conventions, norms and rules of society and gains freedom in making decisions and actions, since at the same time he is not afraid of one thing - to die.

A borderline state is when a person is on the edge between life and death. In a state of terminal illness, after suffering an emotional shock, after the loss of something valuable or close people, a person seems to cease to be afraid of anything. He already understands that no action can lead him to undesirable results. A person has already lost everything he could, so he gains freedom from all slogans, rules and laws.

This borderline state is often demonstrated in films. We’ll talk about borderline situations on the psychological help website psymedcare.ru.

What is a borderline situation?

A borderline situation is a situation where a person is on the verge of death. Moreover, death can be both physical and psychological. When a person realizes the absence of the values ​​he previously held onto, he finds himself in weightlessness. If a person is faced with a fatal disease, then neither money, nor beauty, nor the opinions of the people around him definitely become unimportant.

This can be compared to a state of indifference. A person doesn’t care whether he lives or not, what impression he makes, whether he comes to something or not. This is going beyond the rules and norms of society. This is gaining freedom, immersing yourself and gaining insight.

In such a state, a person finally begins to understand what he lives for, what the essence of his existence is, what is important for him. If in this state he does not find answers to these questions, then he may think about suicide.

Suicide also becomes an excellent example of a borderline state. The loss of the meaning of life, the departure of a loved one, the loss of all the values ​​and benefits that a person worked for, etc. - all this can lead to a borderline state. Let's not exclude those moments when a person was actually on the verge of life and death, perhaps even saw something while he was unconscious. All this gives two main factors:

1. Understanding all the meaninglessness of those throwings that a person makes while living according to the rules of society.
2. Comprehension of the meaning of your life, which will not consist of what people are used to achieving in ordinary life.

Do you want to lose the meaning of life? Do you want to lose yourself and feel the emptiness of your existence? These questions sound rather strange, since not a single person of his own free will would wish such a fate for himself. However, people, despite their reluctance, do everything in order to lose their meaning in life and feel the emptiness of their existence.

How easy is it to lose your meaning in life? One must believe in the idea that one should sacrifice oneself for the good and desires of other people. Remember all those rules and morals that say that you should help your neighbor, not refuse, love others no matter how bad they are, deny yourself your desires for the benefit of others, etc. All these moral principles are good in themselves themselves, very noble and beautiful. But it was they who destroyed many people who lost themselves and their meaning in life.

“If people were a little more selfish, the world would be a better place,” says a man who has meaning in his life. And he's right! A person’s selfishness should be manifested in the fact that he never forgets about his desires and interests. It is your interests and preferences that define you, give you relish and a feeling of fullness of life. What happens if you give up your desires? You will lose yourself. It's as if you were forced to give up light, food, sleep, everything that brings you happiness, reproaching you with selfishness if you don't.

How easy is it to lose your meaning in life? This can be achieved by a person giving up his desires, interests and everything that makes him happy. Undoubtedly, you need to help your neighbors, give in, listen to other people’s opinions, limit yourself in what prevents you from being closer to your loved ones. But this does not mean that you should give up everything that makes you happy in this life.

The meaning of life is to live happily. And each person has his own understanding of happiness. What makes you happy? What causes you delight and admiration? What makes your heart beat energetically and joyfully? If you give up this “for the benefit of other people and helping them, their whims and needs,” you will lose yourself and your meaning in life. Therefore, sometimes you need to be a selfish person. And your selfishness will consist in the fact that you will not give up what brings you happiness, joy of being and self-realization, otherwise you will lose yourself. Do not give up your desires, principles and interests. Nothing in this world is worthy of such a sacrifice.

The reason for existential impasse can be found in the fact that a person simply does not live his life. He constantly tries to achieve or acquire what is considered important in society. At the same time, he forgets to ask himself what is important to him personally. This leads to the fact that a person devotes time not to what is really important to him, but to other goals that are not of value to him personally, but are important to society. And when a person loses what is valuable to him, he finds himself in a borderline situation.

Have you noticed a strange feature of many people: they like to compare each other and even themselves with others? This habit has been going on since childhood. The desire of people to see some shortcomings and shortcomings behind themselves is laid down by their parents. People are already so accustomed to always being bad and imperfect that they are constantly engaged in maintaining this state. If earlier parents constantly said, “how bad you are,” now people themselves look for shortcomings in themselves or communicate with those people who will say the same thing.

A ban on individual existence occurs in families where:

• were expecting a child of one gender, but a baby of another was born;
• do not accept the child’s qualities;
• They impose the character traits of another person, which is why the child begins to copy the person with whom he is compared.

This happens in families for the reason that the parents themselves are dissatisfied with something in themselves or in other people. The constant desire to compare and find flaws in someone forces parents to do the same with their own children. As a result, children not only have low self-esteem, but also never become successful, rich, or loved ones.

Why do you have to be somebody? This question should be asked by a person who is amenable to this parental program. Why can't you appreciate yourself for who you are? Yes, you are not ideal, you are not perfect, you do not have any talents. But there are people who also do not possess the same qualities, yet they feel great, they are loved and appreciated. You don't have to be someone! Allow yourself to just be yourself! After all, all people are themselves, no matter how much they are compared. Therefore, do not waste time on things that only cause stress. Stop fighting with yourself and accept yourself as you are - strange, imperfect and imperfect, but confident and loved.

The concept of a borderline state

tags:

Existentialism, Condition, Man, Personality, Death, Christian, Anxiety, Disorder Philosophy test on the topic:

“Religious and atheistic existentialism of the 20th century. The concept of a borderline state"

The work was completed by a 1st year student

Faculty of International Relations

Group MO-101

Peshkova Inna Gennadievna

2012

Existentialism (Latin for “existence”), “philosophy of existence” is a philosophical direction that postulates the absolute uniqueness of human existence, which does not allow description in scientific terms, inexpressible using traditional philosophical categories.

Existentialism became an independent philosophical direction in the modern era. XX century in Russia, Germany and France. And already in the 1940-1960s it became one of the most influential movements in the spiritual life of Europe.

Since the 40s in foreign and then in domestic literature, the idea began to emerge about the existence of two varieties of existentialism: Christian

(Catholic, Protestant and even Orthodox) and
atheistic
. This gradation is very arbitrary. Atheistic existentialism speaks of the “abandonment” of man, in fact, of his “abandonment by God.” The existential personality is completely detached from circumstances and follows its “project”, obeying only the freely chosen path. But, being responsible for himself, the individual feels all of humanity behind him: “By choosing myself, I choose humanity” (Sartre).

The responsibility that God takes upon himself in Christianity, redeeming the guilt of people, in existentialism falls entirely on his shoulders to each person. Existentialism speaks of the “terrible burden” of freedom, the “nightmare of freedom.” Atheistic existentialism thereby affirms the necessity of man's Godlikeness as the basis of his true existence. In atheistic existentialism, the idea of ​​“waiting for God” appears, but a God who cannot be reduced to a ritual-magical object, relationships with which are completely predictable. But even in religious existentialism, God is least of all similar to an anthropomorphic deity. It is absolutely beyond the human world, it is rather a “cipher” of the ideal human universe, the “myth of the God-manhood of Christ”, in relation to which a person decides what he is; the super-reality of a symbol that “highlights a person’s path to creativity” (Berdyaev, Shestov).

8 pages, 3707 words

Human motivational activity and the formation of human needs

... external causes of behavior. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are interconnected. A person’s needs and desires can become relevant under the influence of a certain situation, and the activation of needs leads, in turn... to a change in a person’s perception of a given situation. His attention in this case...

Sometimes “God” becomes a kind of philosopheme of a philosophical construct, the pairing with which will one day allow humanity to become a “collective God”, part of the world whole (Buber).

The biblical story about the fall, redemption and salvation of man, his return to God in religious existentialism is transformed into the idea of ​​the need for a heroic feat performed by every person - payment for freedom. Otherwise, a person remains in an illusory-magical, unfree relationship with God.

The main difference between religious existentialists and atheistic ones is the metaphysical openness of human existence. While the latter sought the basis for their philosophy in closed human existence.

The presence of such a difference is evidenced, for example, by J.-P. Sartre, however, I emphasize, speaks with a certain dose of irony, as if he were talking about something conditional. “The matter, however, is somewhat complicated by the fact,” he writes in “Existentialism is Humanism,” “that there are two types of existentialists: first, these are Christian existentialists, to which I include Jaspers and the professing Catholic Gabriel Marcel; and secondly, the atheist existentialists, which include Heidegger and the French existentialists, including myself. Both are united only by the conviction that existence precedes essence, or, if you like, that one must proceed from the subject.” However, elsewhere in the same work he states the exact opposite: “Existentialists, on the contrary, are concerned about the absence of God, since with God any possibility of finding any values ​​​​in the intelligible world disappears. There cannot be more good a priori, since there is no infinite mind that would think it... Dostoevsky once wrote that “if there is no God, then everything is permitted.” This is the starting point of existentialism."

Representatives of various Christian denominations are trying to prove that all existentialist motives - the tragedy of human existence, a feeling of loneliness, disgust for oneself and the world, a constant awareness of the inevitability of death - all this is the result of a loss of faith in God, the result of the perception of an atheistic attitude.

According to F. Ovsienko, existentialism is not a teaching that arose on the basis of a certain atheistic position. On the contrary, in most cases it is imbued with fideism, and its motives most often, although often in an implicit form, are a reproduction of the irrational-mystical tenets of Christian thought. The modern Polish researcher of existentialism E. Kossak directly states: “In historical terms, the pedigree of existentialism is purely Christian, moreover, it expresses one of the most typical positions of Christian feeling and understanding of life.”

Indeed, we can name a number of followers of Augustine and Pascal who consciously combined their existentialist vision of the world with various Christian denominations. These are: Protestants S. Kierkegaard and K. Barth; pro-Orthodox N. Berdyaev and L. Shestov - the latter introduced into philosophy a considerable dose of the mystical teaching of the Eastern Church; finally, the Catholic existentialist G. Marcel, the Catholic spiritualists M. Sciaccu, A. Carlini and others. There is no doubt that Saint Augustine and Pascal are the two inspirators of all existentialism; modern Christian eschatologism is nothing more than a purely religious version of existentialism.

25 pages, 12060 words

016_Man. Its structure. Subtle World

... difficult and incompatible with earthly conditions. The human body is not a person, but only a conductor of his spirit, a case, in... very interesting and instructive impressions. The main existence (of man) is at night. An ordinary person without sleep under normal conditions can live through... ambiguity and fog... The person himself becomes an instrument of cognition, and from the improvement of his apparatus, both physical and...

The most prominent representative of Christian (Catholic) existentialism of the mid-20th century. can rightfully be considered G. Marcel. The first “existentialist” work of G. Marcel appeared in 1914, due to which some researchers argue that it is he, and not M. Heidegger or K. Jaspers, that we should consider the founder of modern existentialism. The starting point of G. Marcel’s Catholic existentialism is not the Cartesian cogito, but percipio and existo. “Metaphysics grows out of inner restlessness. A person consciously and voluntarily experiences his life, asking about its meaning and the meaning of death. Creative anxiety forces a person to search for the truth, but it cannot be found in any formulas; it is identical to real being itself.”

The “secular” views of A. Camus and J.-P. also have their own religious overtones. Sartre. This is especially true for Camus, who, not accepting any Christian denomination, nevertheless highly valued and accepted many of Augustine’s mystical ideas, spoke in enthusiastic tones about medieval heresies and their programs for the renewal of Christianity, etc. Thus, he, like Sartre, is not an atheist at all, just as F. Nietzsche cannot be called an atheist with his open anti-Christianity and simultaneous glorification of Buddhism and even his readiness to perceive it. Consequently, the identification of two varieties of existentialism - religious and atheistic - is conditional and relative; at best, the existentialism of Camus and Sartre can be designated as secular.

The concept of a borderline state.

Borderline personality state (borderline personality organization, in the literature: “pre-schizophrenic” personality structure, “psychotic characters”, “borderline personality”; some authors use “outpatient schizophrenia”, “pseudo-neurotic schizophrenia”, schizoid personality structures, etc.) d.) – a relatively weak level of severity of a mental disorder, not reaching the level of pronounced pathology. In the domestic tradition, borderline conditions include conditions ranging from mental health to severe pathology. In the psychoanalytic tradition, the term is narrower and implies a level of development of personality organization that is more “disturbed” than neurotic, but less “disturbed” than psychotic.

For the first time, the borderline state (borderline situation) was studied in detail by K. Jaspers. The concept of “situation” in existentialism is not considered only as a physical reality, but as a reality that includes two moments: a reality that brings benefit or harm to a person’s empirical existence, a reality that opens up opportunities or sets a boundary, that is, a state. This reality is the subject of many sciences. Thus, the concept of a situation as an environment for the life of living organisms is studied by biology; history deals with one-time, important types of situations.

23 pages, 11283 words

Development of a young person’s personality through intellectual and creative games

... a paradoxical situation arises when attempts to theoretically analyze this phenomenon are attempted by people who are far from practice, and practical developments do not receive sufficient psychological and pedagogical justification. ... G.V. ZHARKOV INTELLECTUAL AND CREATIVE GAMES AS A MEANS OF DEVELOPMENT AND CORRECTION OF THE PERSONALITY OF ADOLESCENTS AND YOUTH. Despite the fairly extensive literature on the issues...

The signs of a borderline situation are death, suffering, struggle, guilt. In a borderline situation, what filled human life in its everyday life turns out to be insignificant. In a borderline situation, the individual directly reveals his essence as a final existence, which, according to Jaspers, is associated with transcendence. And only if this connection seems lost to the individual does he fall into despair in the face of death. Here Jaspers reproduces the motif of gaining courage in the face of death. The tragedy of historicity (mortality) is softened by faith and religion.

This formulation of the question is very characteristic of the philosophy of the twentieth century, during which many illusions regarding the purpose of man collapsed. Existentialists closely posed the question of where, in what sphere, a person can gain confidence, that is, discover his true being.

Jaspers believes that human existence is revealed only in borderline situations. Being a psychiatrist, he sees the collapse of personality not as a disease, but as a search for his individuality. He comes to the conclusion that any rational picture of the world is the result of unconscious aspirations, a code of existence. The task of philosophy is to reveal the code. The doctrine of borderline states - in them a person gets rid of prevailing norms and values, and the purified Self makes it possible to realize oneself as an existence.

L. Binswanger, the founder of existential analysis itself, brought his many years of practice as a psychiatrist to existentialism. Considering clinical or borderline personality states, Binswanger rejects the principle of causal explanation of mental phenomena. The individual's experience should not be reduced to scientific conceptual constructs, but rather interpreted in his own terms. The world of a madman is a meaningful world, even if it is not our meaning. The meaning of existential analysis is seen as helping a neurotic to realize himself as a free being capable of self-determination. Existential analysis is based on the premise that the truly personal in a person is revealed only when he is freed from causal connections with the material world and the social environment. Mental illness is a consequence of the loss of continuity of self-formation; it is an extreme degree of inauthenticity, distance from free transcendence. Mentally ill people do not see the probabilistic nature of existence - being - possibility. As Binswanger believed, the reliable existence of a subject is determined only through the introduction of the depths of existence into his Ego, with a person’s orientation toward the autonomous choice of life projections or paths.

Temporal connection, that is, the ability to transfer the past into the present, together with the ability to act in a temporal perspective, is the essence of the mind and personality. The loss of time perspective turns out to be fatal in the genesis of mental disorders. Deep anxiety and depression cancel out the future. In cases where the subject is not open to his future, he begins to realize that he is lonely, his internal projection of the world is curtailed, and potential resources are blocked.

3 pages, 1090 words

The concept of human personality in psychology

... using an existing, real object; from 7 to old age) The concept of human personality in psychology The following aspects are important for psychological analysis: the individual (natural properties of temperament), ... behavior. Formally manifests itself when the child realizes what is good and what is bad (from the age of 3 years). The super ego is an individual reflection of the “collective conscience” of society. Way …

Only when a person realizes and feels self-realized and autonomous, and therefore authentic, can he self-defend against various neuroses and psychodefects.

Application

The case of a person suffering from borderline mental disorder is presented.

Miss K., 28 years old, white, unmarried, was hospitalized (in a psychiatric clinic) with her consent... In her late teens, Miss K. began a romantic and sexual relationship with a young artist. When he told her that she was “just another woman” in his life, she became withdrawn and sad. She began to imagine his face on the silver screen and in the newspapers. Soon after a little boy drowned in her neighborhood, Miss K began to feel guilty about his death and fearful that the police would arrest her. She took a large dose of sleeping pills, making what would later be called a "demonstrative gesture", and was briefly hospitalized.

Over the next 5 years, Miss K attended college occasionally. She often changed places of residence: sometimes she lived alone in hotels or hostels, sometimes with one or the other of her divorced parents. Changes of residence were often provoked by quarrels. She was rarely alone, but her relationships with others were very superficial. Several of the women she became friends with were older than her. She often became attached to their parents and called them "Mom and Dad." She had three or four sexual relationships, each of which lasted less than six months and ended in a painful breakup when one or another of her partners refused to marry her. Everyone with whom she was associated described Miss K as roguish, dependent, masochistic, hostile and self-deprecating.

Her mood swings between anger and despondency occurred weekly, and sometimes daily. She frequently abused alcohol and barbiturates and threatened suicide many times. As a result of the latest threats, she was hospitalized twice more (for a month or less)…

At the age of about 25, Miss K. enlisted in the army. After an initial month of well-being, her condition worsened. She cried "for hours over her typewriter and stayed in her room without food." After 10 months, she was fired with a “neuropsychiatric” medical report. She again began to move frequently, trying different jobs, which she could not hold for more than a few days. She became more withdrawn, even with work friends.

At the age of 26, Miss K. began intensive psychotherapy (up to 4 times a week), which lasted 2 years. Her therapist wrote that Miss K was “trying her best to be sick” and tended to make “difficulty for everyone she didn’t like” by “upsetting everyone during her violent attacks.”

Her hospitalization (in a psychiatric clinic) occurred during her visit to her mother's home. She felt disadvantaged in several ways at once. First, her mother's reception of her was less than "enthusiastic." Second, she was offended when her mother's friend showed her a brochure describing psychiatric home treatment techniques. Third, she discovered that some of the family property had been bequeathed to her least favorite brother. Feeling rejected, she took a large dose of aspirin and was hospitalized (in a psychiatric clinic) shortly thereafter.

3 pages, 1322 words

31 Periodization of mental development. Psychological age of the individual

... "I" - the formation of self-awareness, pride in achievements. The birth of an autonomous personality with intentions and desires, a tendency towards independent activity, similar to ... awareness of one’s individuality. Sphere of development Motivational-need, assimilation of moral standards. Period: Upper adolescence (15-17 years). Social situation The teenager is in a situation of moratorium - ...

People with borderline personality disorder are often diagnosed with some type of acute disorder, including substance abuse, depression, generalized anxiety, simple phobias, agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, and somatization disorder. A long-term study of people with this disease shows that about 6% of them die by suicide. The greatest risk of suicide occurs in the first year or two after diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. This may be because the disorder often goes undiagnosed until a crisis brings the person to psychotherapy.

Epidemiological studies indicate that the lifetime incidence of borderline personality disorder is 1-2%. This disease is much more common in women. Patients frequently use outpatient mental health services; One community study found that half of them had used mental health services in some way over a six-month period. They have tumultuous marital relationships, many difficulties with work, and a higher than average level of physical disability.

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Borderline situation in philosophy

Borderline situations are considered in existential philosophy. It is assumed that a person is on the verge between his objective existence and the comprehension of worldly essence. When a person finds himself in such circumstances that push him out of the race for money and fame, then he sees the true meaning of his life.

A borderline situation occurs under many circumstances, mostly those that cause feelings of loss, disappointment, or severe stress.

What do people usually do when their loved ones break up with them? How does a person behave when he is fired? What do people usually do when they lose their money? What happens to a person when his car is stolen? If you take all the stories of when a person loses, is deprived of something very important and valuable, then you can see that he behaves basically the same way as other people. When people lose something valuable to themselves, they begin to grieve, cry, get angry and try to return it, regret. All they talk about at these moments is what they have lost, how they suffer and how they are trying to get it back.

When a person loses something important to himself, he either begins to regret what happened, suffering, or tries to return what was lost. It is better, of course, to try to return what was lost. But a situation where a person suffers and grieves for what he has lost is simply a waste of time.

All! You've already lost it! Tears won't help you. Blaming the cruel reality or some people will not help you either. While you suffer and try to appease fate with tears so that it returns to you what it took, you are only wasting your time. It's time to come to terms with what happened and do something.

Of course, the option that you are trying to return what was lost is good, but not always effective. If your loved one loves you, then he may still return. But what happens if you are no longer loved? All your attempts will be in vain. Therefore, returning what is valuable that you have lost is an option. But it is not always useful and effective.

Regret for what is lost is the lot of losers. What do successful and lucky people do?

If you lost money, don’t cry, but rather think about how to start earning more money so that the lost funds are pennies compared to the money earned. A loved one has left - grieve for a couple of days, and then put yourself in order and start meeting new people. In other words, if you have lost something valuable and important to yourself, then there is no need to grieve over it. You can try to return it. But if it is impossible to return, then ask yourself just one question: what can you do to regain what is valuable and important that you have lost, and do it in such a way that you have even more of it?

Many people regret what they have lost. But they are simply wasting their time. They suffer, shed tears, but this does not solve their situation. There are more successful people who are trying to regain what they lost. Well, as an option, this method is good, but it is not always appropriate. Therefore, in order not to waste your time and not to return what cannot be returned, it is better to think about how to start acquiring valuable and important things for yourself, but in even greater quantity and quality. That is, do not grieve for the past, but move towards the future where you live even better than you lived before.

Philosophy of “borderline situations” by K. Jaspers

K. Jaspers considered philosophy to be the inalienable property of people . Its purpose was to elevate a person, to help him realize his independence. In order for philosophy to meet this goal, it must be improved. According to K. Jaspers, philosophy is not identical to science, although science is an assistant to philosophy. The study of its subject - “personal and worldview issues” allows philosophy to endlessly deepen and improve its conclusions.

The initial concept of K. Jaspers' philosophy is existence, which is understood as the source of thinking and action in man himself. Existence can manifest itself in communication. The latter may be inauthentic and genuine. Communication of existing existence, or inauthentic communication, characterizes the communication of people carried out for a practical purpose. In genuine or existential communication, people contrast themselves with the world and other people. The condition for genuine communication is to overcome loneliness, depersonality of a person, and his disunity with other people. At the same time, genuine being is possible, acting as being with others. Its achievement occurs on the ways of overcoming “borderline situations”, when people experience increased pressure from the world. By overcoming these situations, people come to faith in God.

In his socio-political views, K. Jaspers proceeded from the fact that philosophy cannot exist without regard to politics. Philosophy must show a person that a complete collapse of what he lived is possible. Awareness of the possible loss of something attractive makes a person love this world and the people around him.

K. Jaspers considered it impossible to comprehend the social whole and the prospects for its development, but he had no doubt that society was in a state of crisis. In “The Spiritual Situation of Time,” the philosopher writes: “Everything is engulfed in a crisis, immense and incomprehensible in its causes, a crisis that cannot be eliminated, but can only be accepted as fate, endured and overcome.” This crisis is of a planetary nature (it is a crisis of all humanity), it is expressed in the leveling of people’s intelligence, in the loss of solidity in people, in the growth of cynicism, in the loss of humanity, in an increased awareness of danger. At the same time, “people feel the proximity of a catastrophe and strive to help with understanding, education, and the introduction of reforms. By planning, they try to master the course of events, restore the necessary conditions or create new ones. This crisis, according to Jaspers, is associated with the entry of society into the technological age. In his opinion, in our century people exist not as individuals, but as a certain mass. The tragedy of modern man is that he turns into an element of the mass, the crowd. This “massification” of people, according to Jaspers, is facilitated by the establishment of inhumane regimes.

In his concept of the philosophy of history , which found concentrated expression in the work “The Meaning and Purpose of History”), K. Jaspers proceeds from the rejection of the theory of cultural cycles, first developed by O. Spengler and later by A. Toynbee, according to which cultures are independent of each other. Jaspers believed that “humanity has common origins and a common goal. These origins and this goal are unknown to us, at least in the form of reliable knowledge.” However, “all of us, people, come from Adam, we are all related, created by God in his image and likeness.”

In contrast to the purpose of human history, its meaning lies in unity, the essential basis of which is “that men meet in one spirit of universal power of understanding... Unity finds its most obvious expression in the belief in one God.” However, according to the philosopher, “the unity of history as the complete unity of humanity will never be completed.” For a person forcibly chained to immediate goals is deprived of the ability to see life as a whole, although he tries to achieve this vision.

K. Jaspers was a philosopher who valued the achievements of a civilized society. This led to the presence in his works of ideas that justify the orders prevailing in the Western world.

Borderline situations, according to Jaspers, are those situations of human here-being where it becomes impossible to count on the anonymous forces of science, where, therefore, a person must rely only on himself and where contents are revealed in a person himself, which are always hidden in the process of purely functional application of science aimed at mastering the world. There are many such borderline situations. Jaspers himself especially emphasized the situation of death, along with it the situation of guilt. In the way a person behaves when he is guilty, moreover, when he finds himself face to face with his guilt, something comes out, is revealed - existit. The way he behaves is such that the person himself is entirely within what is happening to him. In this form, Jaspers introduces the Kierkegaardian concept of existence into his system. Existence is the discovery of everything that actually exists in a person, which occurs in a situation when the anonymous forces of science cease to operate. Of decisive importance here is the fact that such a detection is not a vague manifestation of emotions, but a highlighting, highlighting. Jaspers uses the term “illumination of existence,” which means: what was hidden and existed in a latent form is sublimated into the light of existential unity, which gathers its determination within itself. There is no trace of objectifying reflection here. Situations, including borderline situations, require such knowledge that, undoubtedly, is not objectified knowledge, and the cognitive capabilities of science are not enough to grasp it.