How to express your emotions without becoming a manipulator

Emotional stability is the main component of a harmonious personality. Emotions and feelings in psychology are the connection between a person’s internal state and the external circumstances that surround him. Behavioral reactions, interaction with people around you, and circumstances directly depend on the ability to deal with your emotions in a timely manner and present them competently. Society requires increased self-control, but not in all cases this is justified and passes without consequences. Learning to manage feelings is useful, because emotional comfort is directly related to physical condition, illness, and failures.

Types of human emotions and feelings

In psychology, emotions are a person’s reaction to the environment. The desire or unwillingness to participate in events around, a demonstration of the internal state: anger, melancholy or joy, falling in love. This reaction is based on a subjective assessment of reality. It has been proven that feelings directly depend on the attitude towards oneself and are built on the basis of the internal worldview, as well as the characteristics of the nervous system. Different people may have different reactions to the same situation.

Emotions in psychology are divided into three categories according to their manifestation:

1. Positive ones carry a positive charge. These include interest, joy, delight, jubilation.
2. Negative ones are negatively charged. For this category, the list is much wider: anger, resentment, melancholy, grief, shame, guilt, fear, uncertainty.
3. Neutrals can have a positive or negative connotation, but do not carry a strong emotional coloring and do not have violent manifestations. This is curiosity, surprise, revival.

Each reaction is accompanied by verbal manifestations: gestures, glances, words, intonations. If you are able to determine in time which emotion has captured you at a particular moment, you can learn to control them.

Table of human feelings and emotions

Despite the variety of manifestations, types of emotions in psychology are reduced to four basic ones: joy, sadness, fear, anger. Each has subspecies. The degree of manifestation depends on the individual and the situation.

Demonstration of emotions and feelings

Only children openly demonstrate their feelings. They are unfamiliar with reproach for anger or excessive joy. Everything that resonates in their personality immediately breaks through.

The older a person gets, the more opportunities he has to control his emotional background. Consciously or under the influence of others, an adult learns to keep a reaction to surrounding events within himself. There are two ways to control yourself:

1. Hold back against your will, do not express anger, do not show love. This method is the result of either upbringing or psychological shock.
2. Show emotions regarding the situation, process unwanted ones mentally, transforming them from destructive to constructive or neutral. This method is the result of working on yourself. It is considered safer for mental and physical health.

Those who have been taught that reacting to situations is wrong may need to consult a specialist.

A person who is able not to close himself off, but to control his state, as well as accurately recognize the emotions and feelings of others, is correlated with such a concept in psychology as emotional intelligence. The degree of manifestation of their own reactions is commensurate with the situation: such individuals do not lose their temper over a broken nail or under-salted soup, but they know how to support and encourage if a loved one is feeling sad or angry.

How to express your emotions correctly: a psychologist explains

One day a client asked a psychologist: “Why are these emotions and feelings of yours needed at all? I wish I didn’t feel anything at all...”

Emotions are necessary, they help us survive, adjust relationships and even distinguish lies from truth. But we don’t always want to and sometimes we don’t know how to use them correctly. We ignore, restrain, express partially or completely exaggerate.

And such handling of emotions, although familiar, is dangerous. What is the threat?

Psychosomatics

An emotion is a reaction that must be responded to in word, in action, in behavior. For example, a friend tells the same joke over and over again. We analyze the situation: “This has already happened, it’s not funny at all, and in general it infuriates me.” The emotion of irritation enters your body, is processed, and then it must come out. In the form of words or actions.

But what do some people do? They remain silent, suppress their irritation, say nothing, do nothing, because they are afraid to offend the person, they are afraid to ask to tell them something else, they do not dare to change the topic.

What happens in this case? The emotion, without leaving the body, travels through the limbic system and enters the organs. And any organs always need normal blood circulation and innervation (supply with nerve cells). In our case, these processes are disrupted. And consequently, the organs suffer. This is where diseases arise, ranging from acne to autoimmune diseases.

Complicating relationships

By expressing your emotions in a timely and correct manner, saying what you think, what you feel, how you feel, you help your partner change or regulate their behavior. How it works? If you do not express emotions correctly, there may be distortions in communication:

• When suppressing emotions - omissions. For example, a husband came home from work and scattered dirty socks. You think: “Oh, how this pisses me off! This is disrespect for my work. Come on, I won’t scold him, I’ll clean up after him.” And remain silent, clean up, despite the fact that it is unpleasant for you. You did not tell your husband about your condition. What information does the husband receive? “Oh, cool! She didn't pay attention to it. So I can continue to do this.” What have you given by your silence? Incorrect information. By giving a person distorted information about his condition, we are essentially deceiving him. This means that relationships cannot be built normally.
• With excessive, expressive expression of emotions - fights. The expressive form here refers to violent communication - insults, threats, slaps, beatings. Let's go back to the same socks. “Well, he drove me crazy with his socks! How can you be so indifferent? - you are indignant at yourself. And he is indifferent because you are silent. No one will ever guess what you think to yourself; people are lazy about doing this. And when he once again throws his socks, you slam him with a frying pan, or slap him in the face, or simply shout, insulting him.

The expression of emotions in a violent form often arises due to long-term suppression of these same emotions. Remember how we like to talk? “It’s boiling!” What does a violent form of expressing emotions lead to? The person begins to fear you and your feelings. And therefore there is no improvement in relations either. The best antidote to misunderstandings and abusive communication is the timely expression of emotions in small portions. And you won’t offend or hurt anyone - the main thing is to do everything correctly.

How to correctly and effectively express your emotions?

It is very important in any communication to try to show the maximum of positive emotions that arise in you at one time or another. These emotions must be real, not forced or invented.

Many people still experience dual emotions. For example, fear of praise, fear of showing interest or shame of love. They block the natural behavior of the individual. And the reason for this is the aura of Soviet education: “Don’t praise the child - you’ll spoil him,” “Don’t write first, a man shouldn’t know that you like him,” etc.

Not all families, fortunately, had such upbringing. For example, in mine they didn’t instill either the first or the second, but for quite a long time I believed that a girl has no right to confess her love first. When I was seventeen, it dawned on me that this thought was irrational, and I invited the guy I liked on a date. I didn’t regret it.

Now let's go over the emotions.

Love, sympathy, admiration

Don't be afraid to praise your partner. No, he is not arrogant, his self-esteem is not off the charts (self-esteem is generally formed in childhood, and inflated self-esteem is most often a defense mechanism against humiliation and becomes a consequence of low self-esteem). On the contrary, he will love you even more, appreciate you, listen to you, and want to communicate with you more often. It is useful and effective to say more often: “You are so cool, you know so much,” “You accomplish so much,” “You are so sensitive, gentle,” “I feel very calm with you.”

Do not spare positive emotions. It inspires people. You can't even imagine how much.

Interest

Sometimes we are afraid to show interest because we are afraid of violating personal boundaries. Don't be afraid for the other person. After all, he also has a tongue!

For example, if I see that my friend doesn’t write to me for a long time, doesn’t call me, she looks kind of sad in the photographs, I, of course, will ask if everything is fine with her. And if I get a rebuff (for example: “I don’t feel like talking right now”), I will know that we will talk later, when she is in the mood. A person sometimes even waits to be asked about his condition, but remains silent because he does not dare to violate the personal space of another.

Anger

Must be expressed in verbal and at the same time non-verbal forms. Verbal form - in the form of words, non-verbal - in the form of a stern voice, a strict posture, so that the person immediately understands: you are not to be trifled with, you will not allow yourself to be sat on your neck. The interlocutor should feel a slight fear from interacting with you.

What to do and say if you are angry?

1. We list the facts that you don’t like in the words and behavior of another person: - Dima, you didn’t wash the dishes and littered the floor.
2. We say that this makes you angry: - It makes me angry / infuriates / drives me crazy / I can’t stand it.
3. We indicate what need of yours this violates: - It’s unpleasant for me to enter such a kitchen and it’s unpleasant for me to cook in such conditions.
4. We make a specific, clear request about what he needs to do and so that this does not happen again in the future: “Please clean up after yourself.”

In situations with a child, it is sometimes useful to add what bad consequences his inaction will bring. Children always ask why and why. So you answer. For example: “If you don’t help me tidy up my toys, I’ll have to do it alone and I’ll get tired. This means I won’t be able to take a walk with you in the evening / read you a book at night.”

Shame, anxiety, uncertainty

Contagious emotions. If you begin to express them in non-verbal form: fiddling with buttons, dropping objects, stuttering, everyone around you will experience this shame/excitement along with you, they will feel embarrassed.

To avoid this, you should immediately, without leaving the cash register, admit to the audience: “You know, I’m so worried,” “I’m ashamed,” “You’re all so well-read and cool here, I’m afraid I’ll blurt out the wrong thing.” What will happen? And everything is very simple. People will immediately rush to console you, and the tension will magically subside.

How are feelings different from emotions?

Close in meaning, but still not identical, are the concepts of emotions and feelings. In scientific psychology, these terms define different components of a single emotional background.

Feelings are deeper states that determine a person’s stable attitude to surrounding events. They are often less pronounced and have smoothed manifestations. Emotions are a reaction-outburst to a specific situation, causing vivid manifestations, often born unconsciously. In psychology, feelings are more conscious manifestations of attitudes towards a particular object. A person can experience the whole gamut of emotions, but at the same time not show feelings if there are no prerequisites for this. For example, do not hate an enemy if the enemy does not exist. At the same time, show anger if something served as a reason for this.

The feelings inherent in a particular person are significantly influenced by the society surrounding the space. Emotions are a subjective assessment based on an internal understanding of reality and the characteristics of the nervous system.

Types of feelings

In fact, this part of the perception of the environment is difficult to classify, since it is multifaceted and diverse. Conventionally, psychology defines the following types of feelings:

• moral;
• intellectual;
• practical;
• aesthetic.

There are more complex feelings that cannot be clearly attributed to one of the types. For example, love awakens a person to strive for knowledge, to reveal aesthetic potential, inspires, and determines the choice of activity.

Features of expressing emotions in language and text

Germanic languages ​​| Philological aspect No. 11 (67) November 2020

UDC 81'373.47

Publication date 11/30/2020

Belyaeva Maria Sergeevna Master's student of the Department of Foreign Languages, Belgorod State National Research University, Russian Federation, Belgorod, [email protected]

Abstract: This article discusses various approaches to the study of the characteristics of the expression of emotions in modern linguistics. In the course of analyzing textual characteristics of emotiveness, an understanding of the text as a complex dynamic system is accepted, connected by certain “dialogical” relationships with the reader and, as a consequence, allowing for a flexible interpretive program. The article also develops a classification of lexical ways of representing emotions in text. An understanding of the text as a complex dynamic system is accepted, connected by certain “dialogical” relationships with the reader and, as a consequence, allowing for a flexible interpretive program. Key words: emotiveness, emotions, literary text, direct and indirect ways of expressing emotions, vocabulary of emotions and emotive vocabulary.

Features of expressing emotions in the language and the text

Beliaeva Maria Sergeevna Master's Degree student of the Department of Foreign Languages, Belgorod National Research University, Russia, Belgorod

Abstract: The article deals with the various approaches to the study of the features of emotion expression in modern linguistics. In the course of analyzing the text characteristics of emotivity, the understanding of the text as a complex dynamic system connected by certain “dialogical” relations with the reader and, as a result, allowing a flexible interpretation program is accepted. Keywords: emotivity, emotions, literary text

Correct link to article

Belyaeva M.S. Features of the expression of emotions in language and text // Philological aspect: international scientific and practical journal. 2021. No. 11 (67). Access mode: https://scipress.ru/philology/articles/osobennosti-vyrazheniya-emotsij-v-yazyke-i-tekste.html (Access date: 11/30/2020).

The question of the linguistic dimension of human emotions has interested many linguists, and it remains relevant today. This is due to the lack of a clear definition of emotions and their unified classification, the problem of expressing emotional meanings in different languages ​​(this issue is especially relevant when teaching foreign languages), etc.

The processes of naming emotions are also quite complex. According to the observations of B.I. Dodonov, in conversational practice we often use the same word to denote different experiences, so that their true nature becomes clear only from the context [1, p.156]. Meanwhile, the same emotion can be reflected in different words.

A. Wierzbicka argues that emotions cannot be identified without the help of words, and words belong to one specific culture and carry with them a certain point of view. If someone wants to argue that there are innate and universal cognitive scripts that play a special role in the emotional life of all people, then, according to the author, such scripts should be identified using lexical universals [2, p. 83].

N. A. Bagdasarova, studying the lexical expression of emotions in the context of various cultures, proposed the following brief description of this group of fundamental emotions: joy, surprise, interest / excitement, grief / suffering, contempt, fear, shame, disgust, guilt [3, p. 99].

Considering a number of linguistic studies, it can be noted that the lexical composition of a language consists of two types of words that one way or another convey human emotions, as well as their manifestations.

V. G. Gak classifies these two types as vocabulary expressing emotions and vocabulary reporting them [4, p. 13]. At the same time, V.I. Shakhovsky considers them as emotive vocabulary and vocabulary of emotions. [5, p. 7]. Based on the research of linguists, the following classification can be distinguished: direct means are emotive vocabulary, and indirect means are emotional vocabulary.

Based on the research of V.I. Shakhovsky, L.G. Babenko also distinguishes two groups. The first is a set of words with emotive semantics in the status of meaning (affective words that convey the emotional state of the speaker - swear words, interjections and interjection words: wow, alas, darn it, oh, ah, horror, etc.). And also vocabulary in the status of co-meaning, or connotation (words that convey the speaker’s emotional attitude to an object or its characteristics: pathetic, wretched, sweetie, boor, snake, unfortunate, engineer, young fellow, etc.). Based on the above, we can conclude that the first lexical group is emotive vocabulary. The second group is the vocabulary of emotions - words that do not express emotions directly, but name them (love, admiration, anger, fear, adoration, tenderness, etc.) [6, p. 115].

Of course, humanity’s experience in understanding emotions is recorded in linguistic units. Emotionality is manifested at all levels of language by word-formation, syntactic and lexical means, including phraseological units. Feelings and emotions are almost impossible to express using just one language tool. Typically, emotionality in language is expressed by a set of linguistic means of various levels. For example, both meaningful and auxiliary parts of speech can verbally express and convey emotions. Direct ways of expressing an emotional state include only significant classes of units. However, on the other hand, indirect methods are represented by both significant and auxiliary parts of speech. [6, p. 115].

The emotions of characters in works of fiction represent a special psychological reality. The totality of these emotions in the text is a unique set, changing as the plot develops, reflecting the inner world of the characters in various circumstances, in relationships with each other.

The concept of subtext is also closely related to emotionality. At the same time, subtext is characterized mainly by emotionality itself, since it creates the emotional background of the text and causes a certain emotional impact on the reader. Following A. Ya. Filimonova, here we understand “emotionality” as a representation of a certain emotional state of a person, that is, the representation of emotions in a literary text [7, p. 53].

The works of many scientists emphasize the idea that the category of emotionality refers to the sphere of representation of emotions, and it should be considered as a special category of text. Thus, the communication between the author and the reader is directly related to the emotional sphere of human experience.

For researchers of literary texts, the means used to express the emotions of the speaker and influence the emotional sphere of the recipient are of great interest. These concepts are considered in terms of “category of emotionality”, “emotional stratification”, “emotional meaning”, “emoteme” [4, p. 76].

There is another approach when emotivity implies two different but interrelated phenomena: linguistic units that have emotivity in their semantics, and text as a textual category of emotivity aimed at creating the emotional background of a work of art and causing an emotional impact on the reader.

In other words, here we can talk about the emotional component of artistic activity, which is directly traced in all artistic texts. In many studies, emotions are associated with various aspects of literary texts. Emotions can be the subject of description, a way of presenting information, and embodied in the form of text. The specificity of the emotionality of texts is reflected in the nature of the relationship between their emotional background, emotional tone and emotional coloring.

The capacious content of literary texts reflects the interaction of several important emotional tasks: emotional self-expression of the author’s feelings and emotions, expression of the characters’ emotions, emotional assessment of events by the author, characters, emotional impact on the reader, emotional assessment by the reader of the events (characters) of the literary text. It is interesting that in artistic activity (and this is emphasized by most researchers) emotional tasks prevail over rational ones, and event discourse is very often subordinated to emotional discourse.

Emotionality is a stylistic feature of literary texts. According to their purpose, all literary texts belong to the emotional type of texts, which is determined by the place of the emoteme (the main theme of the text) in the thematic structure and the emotional task (dominant task) in the complex of pragmatic tasks of the text.

An interesting approach is found in the works of L. G. Babenko, who believes that three types of emotive meanings of a text can be distinguished:

1) dictal (emotive meanings in the structure of the character’s image);

2) modal (intentional emotional meanings in the structure of the author’s image);

3) extensional (emotional meanings given in the reader’s mind by the content of the text).

On the other hand, the holistic perception of emotive meanings is determined by the influence of the emotional tonality of the text, which belongs to the universal category of the text, fed by all three types of emotive meanings. But the leading emotional meanings are modal or intentional, reflecting the author’s position and concept. Accordingly, emotionality is usually considered in three directions [6, p. 114].

When studying textual characteristics of emotiveness, many researchers accept the understanding of the text as a complex dynamic system associated with certain “dialogical” relationships with the reader and, as a consequence, providing a flexible program of interpretation. The semantic centers of the anthropometric structure of the text are the categories “author-character-reader”.

The work of I. A. Prudnikova affirms the thesis that emotionality is a category of literary text that is universal and characterized by a “regular plan of content and regular speech, speech, communicative and stylistic expression,” moreover, it reflects the emotional status and value orientations of a particular person within the framework of the work [8, p. 6].

The works of A. E. Filimonova contain the idea that the main category of a literary text is emotiveness, which she defines as a multi-status cognitive category. The object of research when studying the implementation of the category of emotiveness can be both the units that make up the text (words, phrases, sentences) and entire texts; it seems appropriate to talk about the cognitive category of emotionality, which has a different status in the variants of its implementation, in other words, it has a multi-status character . The term polystatus refers to the ability of a linguistic unit to display a certain categorical meaning (in this case, emotive) at different levels of the language system, that is, in the status of multi-level units [7, p. 44].

Having considered the classification of linguistic means of expressing emotions in literary texts, we came to the conclusion that emotive vocabulary in a literary text performs communicative, emotive and expressive functions. Examples of the representation of emotional states have shown that emotions in an English literary text can have both direct nomination through lexemes that directly name emotions, and indirect nomination through the meanings of set expressions, phrases, sentences, contextual segments, etc. Thus, the emotionality of a literary text is determined by the world of feelings, emotions, thoughts and ideas, the artistic depiction of which by linguistic and stylistic means produces corresponding emotional states in readers.

Bibliography

1. Dodonov B.I. Emotion as a value. M.: Politizdat, 1978. 272 ​​p. 2. Vezhbitskaya A. Language. Culture. Cognition / trans. from English, under. total ed. M. A. Krongauz, intro. Art. E. V. Paducheva. M.: Russian dictionaries, 1996. P.33-88. 3. Bagdasarova N.A. Lexical expression of emotions in the context of different cultures: dis. ... candidate of philological sciences. M.: Institute of Linguistics RAS, 2004. 204 p. 4. Gak V.G. Functional semantics // Assessment of expressiveness, modality. M.: Institute of Linguistics RAS, 1996. pp. 6-26. 5. Shakhovsky V.I. Categorization of emotions in the lexical-semantic system of language. M.: publishing house LKI, 2008. 237 p. 6. Babenko L.G. Emotive vocabulary in sentence structure // Classes of words in the syntagmatic aspect. 1988. 2. pp. 113-116. 7. Filimonova O.E. Emotionology of the text. Analysis of the representation of emotions in English text. St. Petersburg: Publishing house RGPU, 2007. 448 p. 8. Prudnikova I.A. Emotionality as a category of literary text (on the material of M.A. Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don”) // dis. ...cand. Philol. Sci. Moscow, 2011. 232 p. 9. Bolotov V.I. Emotionality of the text in aspects of linguistic and non-linguistic variability: (Fundamentals of emotive stylistics of the text). Tashkent: Fan, 1981. - 116 p. 10. Levina O.A. Representation of emotional states of characters in English literary text / dis. ...cand. Philol. Sciences / M.: Institute of Linguistics RAS, 1999. 481 p. 11. Mikhailovskaya V.N. Emotional component of the lexical meaning of a word and context // Theory and methodology of teaching Germanic languages: collection. scientific tr. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002. pp. 42-50. 12. Galperin I.R. Text as an object of linguistic research. M.: Nauka, 1981. 138 p. 13. Maslova V.A. Some ontological aspects of the emotiveness of a text // Language and emotions: collection. scientific works Volgograd: Peremena, 1995. pp. 184-191. 14. Parsheva L.K.. Emotive vocabulary // Bulletin of Novgorod University named after. Yaroslav the Wise. Veliky Novgorod, 2009. 51. pp. 79-92. 15. Larina T.V. Emotionality and emotiveness in communication // Intercultural communication and translation: collection. materials of interuniversity scientific research. conf. M., 2002. pp. 134–136.

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What are feelings for?

The functions of feelings in psychology are determined by their ability to leave information about significant events and objects.

• reflective - an assessment of what is happening in order to determine the degree of danger in order to find ways to prevent it;
• stimulating - feelings encourage you to look for ways to solve certain problems and determine goals for the future;
• reinforcing - thanks to feelings, a person remembers significant events, giving his own subjective assessment;
• switching - help set priorities, determine more important objects, actions, decisions. In other words, it is willpower;
• adaptive - based on previously experienced feelings, a person can more easily adapt to a new reality;
• communicative - the language of feelings is one of the effective ways to interact with others.

Managing Emotions

Creation and destruction are two extremes to which human emotions lead. There is an important rule in psychology: in order to be a harmonious person, you must learn to manage the emotions themselves, and not just their manifestations.

Misunderstandings, conflicts, and quarrels arise due to lack of control. Physical illnesses, nervous exhaustion, and other psychosomatic phenomena are the result of incorrect processing: attempts to show joy instead of sadness, to hide anger inside.

How do emotions arise?

To better understand yourself and deal with dangerous situations in a timely manner, you need to understand the basics of the psychology of emotions.

A person adopts basic reactions from those who care for him in the first year of life: parents, close relatives, nannies, guardians. The child learns to react to the world in the same way as others do.

The desire to learn to respond correctly is inherent at the genetic level and is reinforced by interaction with society. But to the question of whether innate emotions and feelings exist, psychology does not yet give an unambiguous answer. Most likely, a newborn can only react on an unconscious level: widen his eyes when he is afraid, scream in indignation if he is uncomfortable, follow a toy that is interesting. But the moments when to manifest them still remain in the environment where the baby is. Therefore, some children wake up from every rustle, while others will not be awakened by barking dogs or noise outside the window: they do not react emotionally to their usual surroundings.

In adulthood, a person already has his own set of reactions to surrounding events, an individual “card index” of feelings. In psychology this is called the emotional background. For some it is stable, for others it is not. We consider someone calm, confident, consistent. Others are remembered as anxious, they lack confidence in themselves and those around them, they become “hysterical” for no apparent reason, and worry excessively.

The higher the emotional intelligence, the more comfortable it is to communicate with the person. Psychologists call control of one’s own emotional background one of the basic methods of winning people over. A variety of people are drawn to such personalities; all that remains is to learn how to choose the most necessary ones, carefully getting rid of energy vampires.

Nonverbal expression of emotions

To learn to control yourself and read others, you need to know what emotions and feelings are in psychology and how they manifest themselves. It is especially useful to know body language.

In fiction there are phrases like “Nothing betrayed his excitement except a slight trembling of his right knee.” Sometimes even subtle symbols are enough to read a person at a certain moment, and then take advantage of the acquired knowledge.

Movements, gestures, glances, head tilt or straight posture - all this can tell a lot about a person’s condition. Nonverbal signs include:

• look: burning, extinguished, running;
• color, skin condition: pale, red, with sweat, covered with wrinkles;
• tremor: trembling of hands, fingers, lips, eyelashes, legs;
• heartbeat: fast, slow;
• breathing: confused, measured, noisy, stringy;
• posture: stooped, shoulders high, shoulders back, back too straight, relaxed posture;
• objects in the hands that a person twists, touches, or unconsciously holds. He can do it quickly, slowly, chaotically, in order.

There are actually a lot of nonverbal manifestations. Body language needs to be studied for a long time, consistently.

It is on non-verbal manifestations that an ordinary untrained person cannot control that the principle of operation of a lie detector is built. Sensitive sensors read the slightest changes in the client’s reactions and draw a conclusion: a liar or an honest person is being tested.

Verbal expression of emotions

This item includes everything related to speech. From specific verbal formulations like “I’m happy”, “I’m very angry”, “I’m sad” to words woven into the context. The stronger the emotion or feeling, the brighter the sound coloring of the expressions. An exclamation for joy, a scream for anger, a whisper or deep tone for sadness. Increased tone, slight sadness, addition of emotionally charged words from the state category (good, bad, uncomfortable, great).

Changes in the tone and timbre of the voice a person learns to read from the first months of life, as soon as the brain connects the organs of perception. We correlate the nuances of speech with nonverbal manifestations and the surrounding situation. By the age of 1.5–2 years, a child learns to determine the emotional background of his loved ones by his voice. By adolescence, a personal set of emotional colors of speech is formed, based on the lifestyle and reactions of the surrounding society.

The words used in context may not have a bright color or give a clear understanding of the mood. But thanks to the psychology of feelings, we read the emotions conveyed by the author of the message. This technique is often used by deceivers, presenting thoughts in such a context that the listener gets the impression they want.

External manifestation of emotions

Everything would be very simple if everyone said what they feel. But the older a person gets, the more skillfully he can mask some experiences with others. For example, he is sad, but by adding joy to his voice and smiling, he will seem serene and cheerful. For those interlocutors who are not sensitive, this is quite enough not to go into details of the emotional background. But there can be no talk of intimacy, heart-to-heart conversations with such an attitude.

To learn to communicate with people, you need to be able to read their inner world. Behind the joy you can see sadness, behind the fake calmness you can detect nervousness. It is also important to understand how strong a particular hidden feeling is, and whether a person needs support and help.

Types of emotions. Basic emotions and their external expression.

Emotions are internal mental subjective states, characterized by a bright bodily expression specific to them, which manifests itself in vascular reactions, in changes in breathing and blood circulation (in connection with this in paleness or redness of the face), in peculiar facial expressions and gestures, in intonational features of speech, etc. d.

Depending on the subjective value of experiences, B. I. Dodonova identifies the following types of emotions.

Altruistic - experiences that arise from the need for assistance, helping other people: the desire to bring joy and happiness to other people, a feeling of anxiety for one’s fate, empathy, a sense of reliability, devotion, sympathy.

Communicative - arise on the basis of the need for communication: the desire to communicate, share thoughts and experiences, a feeling of sympathy, affection, a feeling of respect for someone, a feeling of gratitude, a desire to earn approval from loved ones and respected people.

Gloric - associated with the need for self-affirmation, fame: the desire to win recognition, respect, a sense of narcissism and the desire to take revenge, a sense of pride, advantages, satisfaction with the fact that growth has occurred, the increased value of one’s personality.

Practical - determined by the success or failure of the activity, the difficulties of its implementation and completion: the desire to achieve success in work, a feeling of tension, passion for work, pleasant fatigue, pleasant pleasure from the results of one’s work.

Romantic - manifested in the desire for everything unusual, secret: expectation of something unusual and very good, bright; exciting feelings of perception of a changed environment: everything seems different, unusual, filled with special significance and mystery.

Gnostic - associated with the need for cognitive and spiritual harmony: the desire to know the essence of phenomena, a feeling of surprise or misunderstanding, hesitation; feeling of clarity or confusion of thought; an unbridled desire to overcome contradictions in one’s judgments and systematize everything; a feeling of closeness to solving the problem; the joy of discovering truth.

Aesthetically - associated with lyrical experiences: the need for beauty, a sense of the graceful, sublime and majestic; enjoyment of sounds, a sense of exciting drama, light sum, poetically observant state; feeling of spiritual growth; a feeling of family, closeness, pleasing memories of the past, a bitter-pleasant feeling of loneliness.

Hedonic - associated with satisfying the need for bodily and spiritual comfort: enjoying pleasant spiritual and physical sensations from knowledge, tasty food, warmth, sun, etc.; a feeling of carelessness, peace, exhaustion, a feeling of fun; pleasant thoughtless excitement, joyfulness.

Active - arise in connection with an interest in accumulation, collecting: the desire to accumulate, joy in connection with an increase in savings; a pleasant feeling from contemplating your collections.

Mobilization - come from the need to overcome danger, interest in wrestling: the need for thrills, passion for risk, a sense of sports excitement, determination, sports anger, a feeling of strong volitional and emotional tension, mobilization of one’s physical and mental abilities.

Emotions are divided into simple, which are a direct reflection of a person’s relationship with certain objects, and complex, in which this reflection is indirect. Affect and mood differ in strength, nature of manifestation and stability among emotions. In terms of content, they primarily distinguish moral, intellectual and aesthetic feelings. Some of them may become more passionate.

External expression of emotions: Changes in breathing during emotions. Many emotions are associated with increased muscle activity and a higher voice. This explains the large role that breathing movements play in emotions, which, as is known, perform a dual function: 1) enhancing gas exchange and providing the oxygen necessary for increased muscular work and 2) passing air through the glottis and providing the required vibration of the vocal cords.

Changes in blood circulation during emotions. These changes are characterized by the frequency and strength of the pulse, blood pressure, expansion and contraction of blood vessels. As a result of these changes, blood flow speeds up or slows down and, accordingly, there is an influx of blood to some and its outflow from other organs and parts of the body.

Mimic expressive movements. A person has complex facial muscles, which in its significant part perform only the function of facial movements in accordance with the nature of the emotional states experienced by a person. Facial expressions can express very subtle shades of embarrassment, anger, insult, love, disdain, respect, etc.

Expression of emotions in speech intonation. Since speech plays a huge role in human life, the expression of emotions by raising, lowering, or weakening the voice has become of great importance in human relationships. The timbre of the voice, the tempo of speech and its rhythmic (accent) division with the help of pauses and logical stress are also of expressive importance. Emotional expressiveness of speech plays a huge role in human communication. With the combined effect of all these means, a person, with the help of his voice alone, can express the most complex and subtle emotions - irony, affection, sarcasm, fear, determination, request, suffering, delight, etc.