Means of communication between people

Means of communication are techniques for encoding, transforming and decoding information transmitted during communication interaction. Communication means are divided into two large blocks: speech and non-speech blocks, i.e. verbal and non-verbal means of communication. Speech is the process of using language for the purpose of communication interactions between individuals. Language is a sign system, the main function of which is to ensure communication between people, thinking, and a method of expressing an individual’s self-awareness. Speech as a method of verbal communication acts simultaneously as a source of information and a method of influencing communication partners.

Language as a means of communication

The means of communication include, first of all, language, intonation of speech and emotional expressiveness, facial expressions and gestures, postures.

Language as a means of communication between individuals is closely interconnected with society, its culture and the individuals who live and work in it, while using the language in a varied and extensive manner.

Communication or communication is the transmission of any information from one individual to another for a different purpose. Communication is the result of the communicative interaction of two or more persons in specific circumstances and in the presence of a universal means of communication.

Language is considered the main means of human communication. The purpose of language to be a mechanism of communication is called its communicative function. By interacting with each other, individuals transmit their own thoughts, worldviews, emotions and emotional disturbances, mutually influence each other in a certain direction, and achieve a common understanding. With the help of language, subjects of interpersonal interaction understand each other. It gives them the opportunity to establish collective work in all areas of human activity. Language is the force that determines the existence and development of individuals and society as a whole. And the communicative function is the leading social function of language. However, it is far from its only function. Its specialized functions include cognitive, expressive, nominative and accumulative.

The ability to express information, broadcast it and influence the interlocutor is called the expressive function of language. This function is considered as the unity of expression and transmission of data, feelings and emotional experiences, and the will of the speaker.

The cognitive function is interconnected with the presence of human consciousness in linguistic signs. Language is a unique instrument of consciousness that reflects the results of a person’s cognitive activity. Linguistic disputes about what comes first, mental activity or language, will probably never stop. The only correct judgment is the statement that language has an inextricable connection with thinking, since humanity not only expresses its own thoughts in words, but also thoughts are formulated in the form of words - a person thinks in words. The cognitive function of the psyche is intended to record the consequences of mental activity and apply them in communication. This function promotes knowledge of the world and its verbalization.

A person thinks using categories, and in the course of cognition, he discovers and names new phenomena and concepts for himself, which is the nominative function of language. It has a close connection with the cognitive, since everything known must necessarily have its own name. It also has a connection with the ability of linguistic signs to designate things. It is this ability that allows an individual to create a world of symbols. However, in the modern world there are many things that do not have names.

The accumulative function is closely related to the collection and storage of information. After all, it is no secret to anyone that language has existed much longer than people and people. A striking example of this is dead languages that outlive their speakers. Language, regardless of whether it exists today or not, preserves the memory of generations and the centuries-old history of mankind. After all, even with the loss of oral speech, it is possible to master ancient writings and draw certain conclusions about the past life of a nation.

Language can also be spoken and written. The leading form of a language is its sound component. Unwritten languages may also exist. When there is only written recording, and no voicing, then the language becomes dead.

Language as a means of communication. Language as a system. Russian language in the modern world.

Lecture 1

1. Language as a means of communication and a form of existence of national culture.

3. Language as a developing phenomenon.

4. Language as a system. Basic levels of language.

5. Russian language in the modern world.

6. The concept of the Russian literary language and language norms.

1. Language is defined as a means of human communication. This one of the possible definitions of language is the main thing, because it characterizes the language not from the point of view of its organization, structure, etc., but from the point of view of what it is intended for. There are other means of communication. An engineer can communicate with a colleague without knowing his native language, but they will understand each other if they use drawings. Drawing is usually defined as the international language of technology. The musician conveys his feelings through melody, and the listeners understand him. The artist thinks in images and expresses this through lines and color. And all these are “languages”, so they often say “the language of a poster”, “the language of music”.

The understandability of language ensures its role in organizing people. Born as a product of collective labor, the language is now called upon to unite people in work, in the field of culture, etc.

Language is a mirror of culture; it reflects not only the real world surrounding a person, not only the real conditions of his life, but also the social consciousness of the people, their mentality, national character, way of life, traditions, customs, morality, value system, attitude, vision peace.

Language is a treasury, a storehouse, a piggy bank of culture. It stores cultural values - in vocabulary, in grammar, in proverbs, sayings, in folklore, in fiction and scientific literature, in forms of written and oral speech.

Language is a transmitter, a carrier of culture; it transmits the treasures of the national culture stored in it from generation to generation. By mastering their native language, children assimilate along with it the generalized cultural experience of previous generations.

Language is a tool, an instrument of culture. It forms the personality of a person, a native speaker, through the vision of the world, mentality, attitude towards people, etc., imposed on him by the language and embedded in the language, that is, through the culture of the people who use this language as a means of communication.

2. Language and society are closely related to each other. Just as there can be no language outside of society, so society cannot exist without language. Their influence on each other is mutual. The mutual influence of society and language is similar to the mutual influence between a person and his language. The smarter a person is, the richer his language, the better he speaks it and feels it. The deeper and more fully a person studies his language, the smarter and wiser he becomes.

The development and functioning of language is also largely determined by the development and life of society. This comes in a variety of forms. Here are some of them.

Social stratification of language.

Every human society is heterogeneous in its composition. It is divided into layers, or classes, and divided into smaller groups, within which people are united by some characteristic, for example, by age, profession, level of education, etc.

This differentiation of society is reflected in language in the form of certain socially determined subsystems.

Peasant dialects are one of such subsystems. True, they are more often called local or territorial, but it is obvious that their separation from the national language is also based on a social criterion: the territorial dialects spoken by the peasantry are contrasted with the language of the city, the language of the workers, and the literary language.

Social differentiation of language may also reflect other types of stratification of society. For example, language features determined by the specifics of professions are sometimes called professional “languages” (see Argo. Jargon). The first thing that catches your eye when you get acquainted with such “languages” is their special terminology.

Outwardly identical words have different meanings in different professions.

Each profession has its own special terminology; in addition, commonly used words and phrases can be used in a unique way: doctors, for example, use the word candle to designate a sharp change in the curve on the patient’s temperature chart; Railway workers use the expression to break the schedule, get out of schedule, etc.

Certain differences in language may be related to the gender of the speakers. Thus, in the language of the Yana Indians living in northern California (USA), the same objects and phenomena are called differently, depending on who is talking about them - a man or a woman. In Japan, girls speak a rich and varied vocabulary (they are specially trained for this), while boys are characterized by a lexically poorer language.

Social conditioning of language development.

The connection between the history of language and the history of society is an axiom of modern linguistics. Since language exists only in society, it cannot help but depend on society. At the same time, it is incorrect to understand such dependence as a strict conditioning of changes in language by social factors. In fact, the process of development of society stimulates the development of language: it accelerates or slows down the rate of linguistic changes (the mechanism of which is determined by the internal laws inherent in the language), promotes the restructuring of certain parts of the language system, their enrichment with new elements, etc.

The following are usually considered as the actual social factors influencing the development of a language: a change in the circle of native speakers, the spread of education, the development of science, the movement of the masses, the creation of a new statehood, changes in the forms of legislation and office work, etc. The impact of these factors on the language varies depending on form and strength.

Nonverbal communication

The means of communication between people, as mentioned above, are verbal, i.e. associated with the human speech apparatus, and non-verbal (non-verbal). In situations of language deficiency (for example, lack of universal language means), interpersonal interaction may occur through nonverbal means. After all, through them humanity has been communicating since time immemorial.

Nonverbal means of communication appeared much earlier than language systems. That is why they are sometimes called natural, that is, given to humanity by nature, and not invented by people.

Non-verbal means of communication are: facial expressions, postures, various gestures, style of movement of subjects, etc. They replace and complement speech, convey the emotional mood of communication partners. The main detail of such communications is the human body, which has a wide range of means and methods of transmitting information and contains all categories of individual self-expression. Psychologists say that the correct interpretation of nonverbal signals is the main condition for effective communication.

Knowledge of non-verbal “language” helps not only to better recognize and understand a partner, but also to anticipate what impression the information he hears will make on him, even before the moment of voicing it.

Mimicry comes from the Greek word mimikos, which means imitating. Facial expressions are the movement of facial muscles. The main element of facial expressions is the facial code, which consists of a special combination of elements and components of the face. Such elements and parts include: the position of the lips and eyebrows, the shape and brightness of the eyes, which convey emotional states, etc. Psychologists have identified six main codes of facial expressions and a lot of nuances of the transition from one code to another. The main facial codes include: suffering, anger, fear, contempt, surprise, joy.

An additional important source of data about the mood and intentions of the interlocutor is the subject’s body, its dynamics or static state. Pose translated from French means body position. It means a more or less stable spatial position of a person. Today, there are more than a thousand such provisions, the satisfactory or unacceptability of which depends on the nationality, gender, age category, cultural characteristics and religious preferences of people. The main semantic essence of a pose as a means of communication is to express openness or closedness, readiness for communication or unpreparedness for it.

Gestures are divided into rhythmic, emotional, pointing and inventive. Rhythmic gestures are correspondingly associated with the rhythm of speech. They highlight logical stress, acceleration or deceleration of tempo, places of intervals, that is, everything that an individual usually conveys using intonation. For example, this could be: beating a musical beat with your foot, shaking your body or head, etc. Various shades of feelings convey emotional gestures. Most of them are fixed in stable combinations - phraseological units. For example: slapping yourself on your own forehead means an unexpected guess or memory.

To distinguish objects from a number of similar ones, to indicate their location and order, pointing gestures are used. Often speech without the use of a pointing gesture becomes completely incomprehensible. There are certain types of phrases that involve the use of pointing gestures. For example, please give me this book. You can point not only with your hands and fingers, but also with your gaze, nod of your head, or turn of your torso. Pointing gestures can be multi-valued, i.e. Under different conditions, similar gestures take on completely different meanings. For example, pointing your fingers at your wrist, where you usually wear your watch, can mean asking how much time is left until the end of a lecture, seminar, class, etc. or a hint that there is little time left or that you need to hurry.

When there is not enough time or there is no opportunity to quickly express your own thoughts, you can depict an object, phenomenon or action using figurative gestures. They enhance the impact on the interlocutor, while causing him to have a clearer and clearer understanding of the topic of conversation or the subject of speech.

Typical situations in communication are served by symbolic gestures. For example, you can greet a colleague with a nod of your head or a wave of your hand. Each of the symbolic gestures is selected in accordance with the situation and depends on the gender, age category, social role and status, and level of culture of the communicant.

Kinesic means of communication are the subject's movement style and gait. Research by psychologists demonstrates that the emotional state can influence an individual’s gait, as a result of which it is possible to assess the potential effectiveness of communication without approaching the interlocutor.

Nonverbal means of communication also include prosodic and extralinguistic means. Prosody in Greek means stress or refrain. That is, prosody is responsible for the rhythmic and intonation characteristics of speech, such as: volume and pitch of the voice, stress strength and voice timbre. Individual prosodic features in an individual are inherent in nature, but much can be corrected through systematic work. Extralinguistic means of communication are closely interconnected with prosody. These include: intervals, sighs, coughing, laughter, crying, etc. Prosodic and extralinguistic non-verbal means of communication regulate speech flows. They complement and at the same time save linguistic communications, replace and foreshadow speech utterances, and demonstrate emotional states.

Dynamic touches with the body, in the form of pats on the back, shoulder, knee, handshakes, kisses, are called tactical means of communication. The choice of one of the forms of tactical means is determined by many factors, such as: nationality, gender, age, degree of acquaintance, social status.

Proxemic means of communication consist in the distance that interlocutors use between themselves. Anthropologist E. Hall introduced the main comfort zones of interpersonal interaction. Their distance depends on the degree of proximity of individuals to each other.

Intimate distance is intended for communication between close people and relatives and is an interval from touch to 45 cm.

The personal distance is intended for communication with familiar subjects and ranges from 45 cm to 1.20 m.

Social distance is intended for official communication and communication with strangers and ranges from 1.20 to 4 m.

The public distance is intended for communication with the audience and ranges from 4 m to 7.5 m.

Violation of established boundaries in certain communication conditions can cause misunderstanding, misunderstanding and even lead to a conflict situation.

Language as the most important means of human communication

LANGUAGE AS THE MOST IMPORTANT MEANS OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION

Language, as the most important means of human communication, is closely connected with society, its culture and people who live and work in society, using the language widely and diversely.

Communication (or communication) is the transfer from one person to another of a message for one purpose or another. Communication occurs as a result of the communicative activity of two or more persons in a certain situation and in the presence of a common means of communication.

The most important means of human communication is language. The purpose of language to be a tool of communication is called its communicative function. Communicating with each other, people convey their thoughts, expressions of will, feelings and emotional experiences, influence each other in a certain direction, and achieve common mutual understanding. Language gives people the opportunity to understand each other and establish joint work in all spheres of human activity. Language has been and remains one of the forces that ensure the existence and development of human society.

The communicative function is the main social function of language. With its further development, complication and specialization, language acquires expressive and accumulative functions.

The expressive function of language is its ability to express information, transmit it and influence the interlocutor. The expressive function is considered as the unity of expression and transmission of a message (informative function), feelings and emotions (emotive function), and the speaker’s will (voluntary function).

According to the material that is used to construct units of communication, language can be auditory and written. The main form of language is sound, since there are unwritten languages, while written fixation (without voicing it) makes the language dead.

Additional means of communication are audio and graphic. Thus, along with ordinary conversational speech, various sound signals are used, for example, bells, beeps, telephone, radio, etc.

Graphic additional means of communication are more diverse. All of them are characterized by the fact that they transform the sound form of the language into a graphic one - in whole or in part. Among the graphic forms of speech, in addition to the main form - the general letter of a given people, it is necessary to distinguish:

1. Auxiliary languages - manual alphabet (dactylology) and Braille; they were created to help people who have lost hearing or vision use language. The manual alphabet is based on drawing letters using the fingers; Signals are added to finger signs to help distinguish similar sounds; for example, a brush on the chest means a voiced sound, a brush distant from the chest means a dull sound. Blind dot script was created by Louis Braille; letters are represented using a combination of six dots.

2. Specialized signaling systems, for example: telegraph codes (Morse code), road signs, signaling with flags, flares, etc.

3. Scientific symbols - mathematical, chemical, logical, etc.

All of the above mentioned signaling systems, symbols, and language means, being different sign systems, are used as a means of communication. Language is a comprehensive and universal historically established system of means of communication that serves society in all spheres of its activity.

LANGUAGE AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON

Language is not an individual or biological phenomenon. The social essence of language is clearly visible when comparing it with the sound signaling of animals.

Being a special social phenomenon, language differs from other social phenomena of a superstructural and basic nature. A type of language is not an expression of a developing spirit, as Hegel and Humboldt thought; the type of language does not reflect the types of farms, as M. Müller and N.Ya mistakenly thought. Marr. Language and economy, language and production do not have a direct connection.

The social nature of a language is manifested, first of all, in its connection with the people - the creator and speaker of a given language, its norms, in particular literary and written ones. The presence of a common language is the highest manifestation of the sociality of a language. The sociality of the language is also manifested in the presence of dialects - territorial and social.

A dialect does not form a language in itself: it is part of a particular language. A local dialect is a set of phonetic, lexical and grammatical features common in a particular territory. Phonetic and lexical features are more diverse than grammatical ones. Phonetic dialect features cover both the composition of phonemes and their pronunciation.

Local dialects exist in the form of dialects and dialects. A conversation covers one or more villages; The dialect covers a number of dialects, united in dialect groups. For example, in the Kazakh language there are no pronounced dialects, but there are small dialects that exist mainly on the borders of the Kazakhs’ settlement with neighboring Turkic peoples. In Russian there are two dialects - northern and southern; they oppose each other with a number of features. The northern and southern dialects of the Russian language are separated by Central Russian dialects, which combine to varying degrees the features of the two dialects.

Dialectal features are outside the literary norm. They, however, can be found in the speech of characters in works of art. Dialectal features used in works of art play a special role. Considering the unusual nature of this use of dialect words and the special aesthetic load, they are called a special word - dialectisms.

From local dialects, although they prove the influence of social and territorial factors on the language, it is necessary to distinguish jargons and professional speech. Local dialects serve the population of a given area and, under favorable conditions, can be used as the basis for a newly emerging language. Jargons, being, first and foremost, deviations from the common language, have a narrow scope of application - social and territorial (they are characteristic, first of all, of urban speech). Slang phenomena are characteristic, on the one hand, of the top of the ruling class (noble jargon), and on the other hand, of the declassed elements of society (for example, thieves' slang).

Jargon as a speech phenomenon is a set of a certain number of specific words and expressions, foreign words and reinterpreted common words, some deviations in their pronunciation.

A special social variety of speech is formed by the conventional languages (argot) of artisans (tailors, stove makers, glaziers, etc.) and traders (peddlers). Having emerged under feudalism as a reflection of the guild isolation of professions, conventional languages under capitalism become a relict category of socio-territorial formation. Argotic vocabulary arises as a result of the rethinking and transformation of native and borrowed words, as well as the formation of new words (svetlik - day, verbukh - eye, vekchelo - person, etc.). The intensification of argotic words makes the phrase a secret, understandable only to people of a certain profession.

A manifestation of the sociality of a language is the presence of professional vocabulary and terminology, which characterizes not only the speech of social groups, but also becomes integral components of the common language, its literary and written norm.

The presence of territorial and social dialects, the narrow social and professional purpose of entire groups and categories of vocabulary does not destroy the unity of the language, its common basis, and does not turn the language into a narrow social phenomenon.

Language is universal in its essence. Now in Europe there are about 20 single-national countries - Austria, Albania, Germany, Denmark, Italy, Iceland, Norway and others. Also these are Korea and Japan. Countries where the main nationality makes up more than 90% of the population are considered mononational. However, in this case, the problem of national minorities arises, which is solved not only as a linguistic and cultural problem, but also as a political problem.

The desire to harmonize language and statehood is the recognition of two or more state languages. In Canada, where two main peoples live (English-Canadians and French-Canadians), there are two official languages - English and French. There are 4 officially recognized official languages in Switzerland: German, French, Italian and Romansh. There are several official languages in India: Hindi and English; Sanskrit and Urdu are recognized as official.

Multinational countries are Great Britain, Spain, Yugoslavia, India, China. There are almost 150 tribes and peoples in Indonesia, although all of them have not yet acquired independence.

Asia and Africa are especially multilingual. Thus, several hundred peoples settled in Asia, standing at different stages of historical development and belonging to different language families. Most countries are multinational. More than 50 peoples live in each of such countries as India, Indonesia, China, Vietnam, the Philippines, more than 20 peoples live in Burma, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran and several other countries.

The linguistic situation is much more difficult when the state and generally literary and written language turns out to be a language that is not native to the bulk of the country’s population. This was the case in the past, and this is the case now. For example, on the island of Haiti, now inhabited by blacks and mulattoes, the official language is French, but they speak Creole. In Mexico, the official and spoken language is Spanish, although the country is home to about 3 million Indians who speak their own languages (Aztec, Mayan, Otomi, etc.), and about 1 million North Americans.

Consequently, the facts show that language, being the most important means of communication and a form of national culture, is closely connected with society, its categories and institutions. However, a special social purpose and a special structure make language an independent social category.

LITERARY LANGUAGES

At certain stages of development of society and people, literary languages emerge and function. A literary language is a historically developed processed form of a national or national language. Literary language, as the highest form of language, is characterized by a rich vocabulary, orderly grammatical structure, and a developed system of styles.

Literary language literally means "written language". Literary language, indeed, has a written fixation, and this constitutes its essential feature. However, the concepts of “written language” and “literary language” cannot be identified. Firstly, not every written recording is literary speech, and, secondly, literary language appears not only in written, but also in oral form. There are two forms of literary language.

Literary language is not only the language of writing (fiction, scientific research, newspapers and magazines), but also the spoken language of state and public institutions, schools and theaters, radio and television. People use literary language in everyday and family communication.

There are stylistic and structural differences between written and spoken language. In cases where only a stylistic and functional difference is observed between the written and oral speech of a literary language, written speech is characterized by greater rigor, a more careful selection of words and polished constructions.

The difference between the oral and written forms of the common language can lead to the fact that when studying the native language (as is observed in China and Japan) they use anthologies with two versions - in written literary and colloquial. The divergence between the popular spoken and written languages takes place in India and in the countries of the Arab East. This discrepancy concerns not only vocabulary, but also grammar.

The norm of a literary language is based on linguistic usage and the approval of this word usage by the educated part of society. Being a concrete historical phenomenon, the norm of the literary language changes and moves from the old to the new quality.

Writers play a big role in establishing and disseminating literary norms. Writers, masters of artistic expression, show how to process the language of their people, how to use the riches of the literary language.

The language of a work of art, firstly, contains not only literary-standardized speech, but also the individual style of the author and the speech of the characters created by the author. Stylized literary texts and the speech of characters imply a departure from the norm, the creation of an individual style and expressive text.

The second difference between fiction and literary language is that the latter is not only a means of artistic reflection of reality and emotional impact. Literary language also acts as a tool of communication in the sphere of socio-political life and science. Literary language is semi-functional, and this creates styles of literary language intended for different areas of communication and expression of different types of messages.

The book type of language, in addition to the language of fiction, includes business style and scientific style. At the intersection of scientific and artistic styles, a popular science style is formed. At the intersection of business and artistic styles, a journalistic style is formed.

LEXICOLOGY

The word is the central unit of language: language is, first of all, a system of words. A word as a nominative unit is called a lexeme.

A word as a grammatical unit is called a word form.

The science of nominative means of language itself has several names. The terms lexicology and onomasiology are used more often than others, using them in an expanded manner, as a designation of a generic concept. However, these same terms also have a narrower meaning, denoting only sections of the science of nominative means of languages. In the future, the term lexicology will be used to denote the science of nominative means of language.

Verbal means of communication

The means of communication include mainly speech as a source of information, a way of influencing the interlocutor, communicating through words, and exchanging information.

Verbal means of communication are the interaction of parties through words, and are brought to life with the help of sign systems. The core among such systems is language. Languages as sign systems are the best means of expressing human mental activity and a means of communication. Language finds its own embodiment in speech. Thus, language is present in individuals in a stable state of possibility. The concept “speech” is used in several meanings. The first meaning is to present speech as one of the types of communicative interaction of an individual. Those. in this meaning, speech is the specific activity of an individual, which is expressed orally or in writing. Speech also refers to the results of activities that depend on the circumstances and objectives of communications. For example, business or official speech.

Speech differs from language in that it has specificity, uniqueness, relevance, activity, it unfolds in time and is carried out in space. Also, speech, unlike the language system, is much less conservative, but more dynamic and mobile. It reflects the experience of the speaking individual, is determined by context and conditions, is variable, and can also be spontaneous and disordered.

Each phrase plays one role or another in the course of communications - establishing contact, attracting interest and attention, broadcasting messages, etc. The particular roles of certain phrases can be combined into general ones, which are called the functions of speech.

The source of data in verbal communications is the individual who speaks or writes information. And the channel of information is the individual’s voice apparatus, which transmits the message. The code in cases of verbal communication is speech. At the same time, encoding is the transformation of information into language units, and decoding is the opposite process of understanding and understanding cues. The choice of code when broadcasting verbal communication, first of all, occurs automatically. Basically, this code is the native language of the speaking subject. However, along with this, the code can also be perceived as a means of encrypting information.

The next most important nuance of the verbal communication pattern under consideration is distortion and interference. Distortions may appear due to linguistic, extralinguistic and acoustic-pronunciation reasons or the graphic appearance of information in written communication. Distortions of a linguistic nature are associated with a lack of clarity of statements, incorrect syntactic formatting, excessive complexity of the message, etc.

Interference of an extralinguistic nature is caused by the “baggage” of knowledge of the message addressee. Also, many psychologists note that the protective mechanisms of the individual’s psyche select information that will correspond to the individual’s inclinations, and will not perceive information that contradicts the person’s point of view and views. To make information noise-resistant, any message should be slightly redundant. Redundancy of information is a complete or partial repetition of information, which is accompanied by the receipt of new messages and is intended to control and correct human ideas. It is believed that redundancy in communications should be no less than 50% and no more than 95% of the “baggage” of knowledge in the area under discussion.

An important feature of verbal messages is value, which is understood as new information obtained from the implementation of information content contained in a linguistic sign. Novelty and surprise determine the value of a meaningful message.

Dialogue and monologue communications are distinguished, depending on the direction of the speech flow during communication. Dialogue is a form of speech that contains an exchange of phrases and is characterized by dependence on speech conditions, conditionality of previous remarks, and a low degree of organization.

In verbal communication, a special position is occupied by the individual’s discovery and encouragement of the partner’s potential capabilities. The ability to speak beautifully and kindly has an attractive force and creates circumstances for the formation of relationships with subjects based on mutual disposition, which is necessary for a psychologically favorable climate in social groups.

Speech as a means of communication

The main function of an individual's speech is to support thinking. Speech is a kind of instrument of mental activity. It is a historically established form of communicative interactions through linguistic constructions. The word is the basic structural unit of linguistic systems. A word as a concept contains much more information and data than an elementary combination of sounds carries.

The process of forming thoughts with the help of words and their comprehension inevitably causes a deformation of the semantic load of the message. However, individuals still understand each other. Comprehension is invariably subject to adjustment, since the means of communication between people is not just the transmission of information, knowledge, messages through verbal and non-verbal tools, but the exchange of data, which involves feedback.

Replies without orientation towards the communication partner take the form of a monologue. When broadcasting messages monologue, the amount of information content loss can reach from 50% to 80% of the amount of original information. Psychologists say that the most effective form of communication is dialogue. It requires fluency and fluency in speech, the ability to distinguish sincere and honest answers from untruthful and evasive ones, and sensitivity to non-verbal cues.

The foundation of dialogical communications is the skill and ability to ask questions to oneself and other subjects of the communication process. Compared to monologue communication, dialogic communication is considered more effective. After all, it will be much more effective to transform your own ideas into questions and test them in conversations with comrades and colleagues. Using questions allows you to understand whether the speaker's ideas are supported or not. The very fact of the question shows the desire to take part in communication interactions, ensuring their further direction and deepening.

Any interaction is unthinkable without following the rules of verbal etiquette, which is associated with the forms and style of speech, vocabulary.

Broadcasting messages can take various forms. Information can be conveyed in the form of conversation, discourse, lecture, or even argument.

Speech as a means of communication is the main method of communication peculiar only to humans. It is mainly divided into internal - the individual’s mental conversation with himself, through which the motivation of his behavior is understood, and external, i.e. directed at the interlocutor. Inner speech is the foundation of external speech. The transformation of the essence of internal speech into externally directed speech is associated with the appearance of difficulty in speaking out loud. Externally directed speech can be oral and written.

Lecture 1 Language as a means of communication. Language as a sign system

Language

- the most important means of human communication. It is necessary for the existence and development of society. Language and society are closely related to each other. Just as there can be no language outside of society, so society cannot exist without language. Their influence on each other is mutual.

Speaking about the social conditionality of language development, we note that it should not be understood as a direct reflection in the language of all social events or as the presence of social reasons for each fact of language change. Social factors influence language in a non-direct manner: they can accelerate or slow down the rate of linguistic evolution and contribute to the restructuring of individual components of the language system. Vivid examples of the influence of society on language are: social stratification [1] of language (literary language, territorial dialects, professional and social group jargons, etc.); the presence of social components in the structure of linguistic units, etc.

In addition to the influence of society on language, independent of the will of individuals, a conscious, purposeful influence of the state (and society as a whole) on the development and functioning of the language is also possible - the so-called language policy. This includes the creation by linguists of normative dictionaries and reference books, the promotion of linguistic knowledge and speech culture in the media, etc.

The influence of language on society has been studied much less. However, the very fact of such influence is obvious, since language has an organizing function in relation to society, being the basis of mutual understanding, social peace and development.

Russian language

– a complex, multifaceted and changing phenomenon.
This is explained by the fact that the people who use it as a means of communication are heterogeneous. “Diversity”, the heterogeneity of native speakers depends on the vast territory of our country, divided into regions, territories, republics. Each administrative unit has large and small towns, villages, hamlets, and hamlets, which are quite distant from each other. This is what determines the presence of dialects and folk dialects. They exist only in oral form, serve only as a means of everyday communication, and have their own set of phonetic and grammatical vocabulary tools. For example, in the Don dialect, g
before a vowel becomes aspirated. However, the Russian language has a national basis: no matter with whom and in what territory its speakers communicate, they understand each other, since dialects (as professional and social group jargons) are part of the national language, the highest form of which remains the literary language.

Language is a historically developed system of sound, vocabulary and grammatical means that allows people to express their thoughts (orally and in writing) and communicate. This system

includes different
levels
that have their own elementary
units
.
Thus, the main element of the phonetic level is sound, phoneme, lexical - the word and its meaning, morphemic - parts of the word (root, suffix, etc.), morphological - forms and classes of words, syntactic - phrases and sentences. These levels are studied in the relevant sections of linguistics: phonetics, lexicology, word formation (morphemics), morphology and syntax. The language system is described in grammars and dictionaries. All levels of language are sequentially interconnected: sentences are built from words, words from morphemes, morphemes from sounds. Thus, all elements of the linguistic structure form a unity: each higher level consists of at least one lower level (a conjunction consists
of one sound, a sentence can consist of one word). Changes occurring at lower levels are gradually reflected at higher levels. For example, accelerating the rate of speech leads to unclear pronunciation, so the speaker, wanting to be understood, narrows the vocabulary used and simplifies syntactic structures (for example, when communicating with children). Or often a borrowed word becomes “Russified”. It undergoes changes at all linguistic levels, in use it is similar to Russian words: in pronunciation, declension, conjugation, plural formation, etc.

Tongue

They call a certain code, a system of signs and rules for their use. So, a letter means a sound, a word - a concrete or abstract phenomenon, a punctuation mark - for example, a pause or a question. The iconic nature of language allows it to serve as a reliable means of storing and transmitting information.

A sign is a substitute for an object (concept) for the purpose of communication; a sign allows the speaker to evoke an image of an object or concept in the mind of the interlocutor.

Sign

has the following properties:

1) it is aimed at meaning;

2) the sign must be material, accessible to perception;

3) the content of the sign does not coincide with its material characteristics (while the content of a thing is exhausted by its material properties);

4) the content and form of the mark are determined by distinctive features;

5) a sign is always a member of a system, and its content largely depends on the place of a given sign in the system.

Language does not create things and concepts, it only reflects them, fixes them with the help of words. Words are the most numerous and main signs in language [2]. Since the meanings of words are associated with concepts, a certain mental content is fixed in the language, which turns into a hidden (internal) part of the meaning of words, to which speakers do not pay attention due to the automaticity of language use. Language could not serve as a means of communication if the meaning of each word in each case of its use became a subject of dispute.

Meaning is the content of a linguistic sign, formed as a result of the reflection of extra-linguistic reality in the minds of people.

The words of human language are signs of objects and concepts. Distinguish between substantive and conceptual

meaning of words:

subject

meaning consists in the correlation of a word with an object, in the designation of an object;

conceptual

meaning serves to express a concept reflecting an object, to specify a class of objects denoted by a sign.

The meaning of a language unit in the language system is virtual

, i.e.
determined by what the unit can stand for. In a specific statement, the meaning of a linguistic unit becomes relevant
, since the unit correlates with a specific object, with what it actually means in the statement.

A language sign can be a code sign

and
text sign:
code signs

exist in the form of a system of units opposed in language, connected by a relationship of significance, which determines the content of signs specific to each language;

text characters

exist in the form of a formally and meaningfully related sequence of units.

Understanding the sign properties of a language is necessary in order to better understand the structure of the language and the rules of its use.

Game as a means of communication

From time immemorial, play has been considered a universal means of learning, development and recreation. Play, as a non-productive activity of individuals, brings emotional excitement and pleasure from the process of free expression of the physical and mental powers of the individual.

A game is a kind of school of social relationships in which an individual comprehends the standards of social and cultural behavior.

Play as a means of communication is considered a fundamental activity not only for children, but also at an older age. Only by taking into account the individual age characteristics of a person can the game take on a slightly different direction. With its help, communicative abilities are developed and projected onto imitatively created circumstances of interaction existing in the real world.

Games not only contribute to the development and expression of one’s own communication skills, but also help to correct emerging problematic situations and communication difficulties. Understanding by individuals of each other is one of the most pressing problems that arise throughout the entire period of a person’s life.

Play as a means of communication allows a teenager to build a system of interpersonal relationships, personal interactions, and demonstrate his leadership qualities and abilities. It provides a solid foundation for children's further development. The game is a simulation of future situations, conditions, circumstances that individuals may encounter in real life.

The individual’s ability to make independent, independent decisions and defend his own position develops with the help of the experience of obedience acquired in games and playing out various social roles and situations. After all, the game is a continuous change of positions. The ability to behave correctly in certain roles forms in individuals adequate self-esteem, the ability to realize and perceive their real position in the system of communication interactions, which develops flexibility of perceptions and communications, empathy, and quick switching from one activity to another. During play, children seem to absorb the experience of communicative interaction of older comrades.

The game as a means of communication is aimed at developing one’s own point of view on various issues. It helps the child to convincingly convey the “justice” of his own position.

Development of means of communication

Verbal and nonverbal means of communication are developing in several directions. Organs are formed that are special means of communication, for example, hands, lips - this is, firstly. In the processes of ontogenetic development, the development of expressive configurations of movements occurs, namely, all kinds of gestures, pantomimes, facial expressions, etc. - this, secondly. Thirdly, there is the invention and use of sign systems, which are means of encrypting and broadcasting messages. Fourthly, there is the development and improvement of technical tools for storing, transforming and broadcasting information that are used in communication interactions between people, namely radio broadcasting, print, telephone, television, etc.

The transformation of the essence, tasks and means of human communications is historical in nature, while the development of communication in animals is due to the natural course of the biological evolutionary process.

Children already at 3 months show the ability to communicate emotionally with individuals, and by one year their expression becomes so rich and pronounced that it allows them to quickly comprehend verbal communication tools and use sound speech.

The development of means of communication occurs as speech is formed, which makes it possible to diversify the essence of messages transmitted and perceived during communication, and as a result of the progress of learning, the child begins to use different means of communicative relationships. As a result, the instrumental aspects of communication are enriched.

In the future, the formation of communication looks like a gradual accumulation by an individual of a culture of communication interaction based on reflection, feedback and self-regulation.